Heritage magazine is a scientific messenger of the Institute, which has been published since 1991. it was rated as a magazine of national significance M 51 (based on the Ministry's 2017 categorization). page 50). It is edited in accordance with the act of editing scientific journals and is conceptualized as a multidisciplinary scientific journal so that it can absorb work from heterogeneous scientific fields to meet the needs of staff scientists from each of the scientific disciplines that are in the research program at the Institute. This approach makes it possible to publish a wide range of works in the following fields: literature, archaeology, history, cultural History, art History, political science, Ethnology, ethnomusicology, sociology, as well as published collections, polemics, criticism, and displays. Among the members of the editorial and editorial Board, the Institute's employees predominate, but its international character is given by scientists from Russia and the United States. The journal is published twice a year, and it is dominated by topics that are consistent with the current project of the Institute, that is, in accordance with the current project of the Institute. they belong to the region of Kosovo and Metohija and the region that gravitate to the province, but there are also works dedicated to the entire space of Serbia, Yugoslavia, the Balkans, Europe, and the world. The purpose of the journal's editorial is to include outstanding scientists in the editorial and attract quality researchers to promote the journal.
Institut za srpsku kulturu Priština, Leposavić / Institute for Serbian Culture Priština, Leposavić
EXTENDED EDITION OF THE MONOGRAPH BY PROF. MITRA RELJIĆ ON SERBIAN CEMETERIES IN KOSOVO AND METOHIJA (Mitra Reljić, Serbian Cemeteries in Kosovo and Metohija: Destroyed Monumental and Linguistic Heritage, Novi Sad: Matica Srpska; Pristina: Archives of Ko
ON THE TRAIL OF HAPPY ACCIDENTS (Žarko Milenković, Clear Outlines of Accidents: Essays and Criticisms on Contemporary Serbian Poetry, Kosovska Mitrovica: Literary Society of Kosovo and Metohija, 2024, 133 pp.)
LULAMENT AS A VOICE OF CULTURAL SUSTAINABILITY: FROM INTIMACY TO A CULTURAL HERITAGE STRATEGY
This paper explores the concept of lulament as an interdisciplinary category at the intersection of art, cultural heritage management, and intangible cultural preservation. Through the analysis of vocal practices such as lullabies and laments, lulament is presented as an alternative form of cultural articulation that connects intimate, feminine, and minority voices with strategies of cultural memory and affective knowledge. The study draws on theoretical approaches in memory studies, affect theory, feminist critique, and artistic research to argue that lulament can function as a mode of social and cultural cohesion, a means of strengthening intellectual capital, and a paradigm of cultural sustainability. The paper emphasizes lulament as a sonic document of existence and reflects on its potential applications within contemporary cultural policy and education.
OLD PRIŠTINA OLD PRISHTINA THROUGH A DRAWING BY RADOMIR PAJA JANKOVIĆ
This paper examines the drawings of Radomir Paja Janković (1943–1994) as visual historical sources for the study of old Priština in the second half of the twentieth century. Starting from the biographical and artistic context of an artist who lived and worked in Priština, the paper analyzes his body of drawings as testimony to the urban space at the moment of its disappearance. Special attention is devoted to architectural motifs, compositional solutions, and drawing techniques that enable the reconstruction of the morphology of the old city center and the atmosphere of a traditional way of life. The drawings are considered in relation to earlier written sources, travelogues, and ethnographic records from the nineteenth century, which provide narrative descriptions of space and everyday life and which find a visual resonance in Janković’s work. In this way, the paper highlights the importance of fine art as a reliable visual source for the study of urban history, cultural memory, and the processes of disappearance of traditional urban units. Janković’s drawings are interpreted as a synthesis of artistic expression and documentary value, contributing to the preservation of the visual memory of old Priština.
CROSS-SECTORAL COOPERATION IN CULTURAL HERITAGE: CURRENT STATE, CHALLENGES AND PERSPECTIVES IN SERBIA
The aim of this paper is to analyze cross-sectoral cooperation in the field of cultural heritage in order to assess its current state, identify the main challenges and make proposals for its improvement. The methodological framework of the research is based on a desk analysis of the existing regulatory and institutional framework, the results of an online survey conducted between 30 September and 18 October 2024. and interview with representatives of stakeholders. The findings indicate that cross-sectoral cooperation is not adequately integrated into the regulatory and institutional system of the protection of cultural heritage and mostly takes place at ad hoc or project level. The main challenges in establishing collaborative management in the field of cultural heritage are the lack of interest of stakeholders involved in the protection and presentation of cultural heritage, the limited financial resources, the lack of developed and tested collaborative management models that can be applied on the practical level and conflict in cultural heritage values among different stakeholders. Cross-sectoral cooperation is most evident in activities related to the presentation and interpretation of cultural heritage, manifestation and tourist promotion while it is largely absent in participatory decision-making processes, participatory budgeting and urban planning. An effective cultural heritage policy requires cross-sectoral cooperation that is systematically structured, defined in regulatory terms and based on long-term planning, with the aim of integrating cultural heritage into sustainable development processes. Particular attention should be paid to the mapping and increased involvement of relevant stakeholders from the profit and exploring their potential in decision-making, management and funding cultural heritage, while cultural policies should stimulate cross-sectoral cooperation.
DOSITEJ OBRADOVIĆ AS AN INTELLECTUAL NOMAD
The initial knowledge that Dositej acquired in the library of the Hopovo Monastery, supported by his curiosity, led him on a fabulous journey of knowledge – into the “kingdom of ideas”, where he absorbed a variety of ideas, from the ideas of ancient and classical thought to European Enlightenment thinkers and rationalists. In his works, Dositej tells about his epistemologically motivated “wandering”, or intellectual nomadism, in the first person, which represents the authentic narrative of his philosophical, and later also Enlightenment opus. The aim of the paper is to gain a deeper insight into the intellectual nomadism of Dositej Obradović and to assess his achievements, as well as his impact on Serbian society. For the purposes of the paper, the historical-comparative, as well as the analytical-synthetic method was used, which is especially visible in the part that relates to Dositej's travels and the knowledge he acquired in the countries in which he stayed. The conclusion of the paper is that Dositej Obradović, thanks to his intellectual nomadism, brings to his writing style a radiant spirit of reason, research and humanism, which are distinguished by clarity and rationality, as well as universalism and tolerance, and that his works transcend national themes and borders. As a sincere advocate of universal human values, he emphasizes the importance of tolerance in his writings, thus calling on readers to accept diversity and reject prejudice. His discussions lead to critical thinking, encouraging readers to question dogmas and seek new knowledge. Dositej Obradović's intellectual nomadism transcends the usual boundaries, known languages, and disciplines of the traveling students and teachers of that time. His intellectual legacy, which endures and is meaningful to us today, is a beacon that guides us through the labyrinth of ideas, and continues to inspire future generations, reminding us that the pursuit of knowledge knows no boundaries.
STEREOTYPES ABOUT THE BALKANS UNDER THE INFLUENCE OF THE ORIENT: SERBIAN BALKANISM OR "-ISM IN THE SERBIAN WAY"
Edward Said's epochal work "Orientalism" from 1978, with its appearance, launched not only the critical-theoretical field of postcolonialism and the issue of cognitive privilege, but also a kind of scientific domino effect in the research of the concept of "otherness". Bulgarian historian Maria Todorova, by publishing her work "The Imaginary Balkans", provides us with an insight into the results of applying Said's concept of Orientalism to the Balkans - where, due to the centuries-old activities of the Ottoman Empire, it is viewed as an Ottoman legacy, or rather, a European, internal "other" - which is defined by Todorova as "Balkanism". The paper highlights how the initial stigmatization of the Balkans influenced the development of the Balkanistic discourse, or Balkanism, and somewhat later the emergence of a new subcategory - "Serbian Balkanism".
ARTICLES ABOUT MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS IN SERBIA FROM THE 19TH AND EARLY 20TH CENTURIES IN THE WORKS OF TRAVEL WRITERS AND ETHNOGRAPHERS: THE BEGINNING OF THE THEMATIC AND METHODOLOGICAL PRINCIPLE OF SHAPING ETHNOORGANOLOGY
This paper presents ethnographic material, focusing on data documented by researchers from the 19th and first half of the 20th centurie regarding instrumental practice in Serbia. A comprehensive systematic review of the results, along with a comparative interpretation of the terminological, morphological, functional and sound characteristics of musical instruments, highlights the significant importance of the research of travel writers, ethnographers, ethnologists and geographers, within the contemporary ethnomusicological system framework. This comparative approach provides a basis for a more reliable consideration of the social role of certain sound props in the daily life of the individual and the community, with special reference to the importance that certain instruments have in a wider geographical area. The confirmed continuity of individual cultural phenomena justifies the formal legitimacy of the status of musical instrumental practices inscribed on the National List of Intangible Cultural Heritage of the Republic of Serbia. In addition to the assumption of authentic forms of orally transmitted musical folklore material, especially based on the perception of ideas for national liberation, this paper also sheds light on the relations between Eastern and Western influences observed in the set of musical instruments of this period. In parallel with mapping potential ethnic differentiations, articles on musical instruments also draw attention to the subjective experience evoked by situationally determined sound impulses. In an attempt to understand the perception of the effect, this approach is characteristic for works that suggest overcoming cultural differences. Pioneering attempts to point to interethnic socio-political encounters create the basis for the further development of scientific thought focused on the dynamism of social processes. Ethnographic identification of types and forms represent basis of the initial interest in musical instruments, which resonates with the inceptive development of ethnoorganology as a scientific discipline in general. The list of instruments is supplemented by selective documentation of non-musical indicators in whose constellation additional cultural analogies are observed. Despite heterogeneous structural and thematic concepts and methodological settings, the descriptive paradigm can be considered a relevant starting point for contemporary research endeavors. The ethnoorganographic approach is also a reference for the further development of ethnoorganology, which complements these tendencies with the analysis of musical aspects as key relations in the consideration of musical instruments.
UKRAINIAN GREEK-CATHOLIC (UNION) CHURCH – HISTORY, ORGANISATION AND POLITICAL VIEWS
One of the foundations of the modern Ukrainian nation is the Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church, which has been represented in the west of the country for almost half a milennium - ever since the decision on the church union of part of the local Ukrainian Orthodox clergy with the Catholic Church established at church councils in Brest in present-day Belarus in 1595 and 1596. The Ukrainian Greek Catholic or, as it is otherwise called, Uniate community was created, like other Uniate religious communities (22 in total), during the previous centuries, mostly on the edges of contact between Catholicism and Orthodoxy, as a kind of compromise that left the clergy of one of the Orthodox churches that agreed to it and their believers in conditions of Catholic domination of a certain territory (in this case, Polish Catholic) the possibility of Orthodox rite with recognition of the leading role of the Roman Pope in the Christian world. Although the Uniate movement, which we will pay attention to, encountered strong resistance from the Ukrainian Orthodox population, this community survived and survived. The specificity of Ukraine in this matter is also that they make up a certain share of Greek Catholics in the majority Orthodox Ukrainian nation, making it the largest such community in the world. The aim of this paper is to examine the impact of the history and role of the Greek Catholic Church in contemporary Ukraine, with particular reflection on the views of its head, Mr. Svyatoslav Shevchuk, on the current Ukrainian-Russian conflict, which escalated with the start of the "special military operation" or Russian invasion of Ukraine in February 2022.
Petar Institute for Political Studies, Belgrade
PROSTITUTION IN SERBIA FROM THE TIME OF THE FIRST SERBIAN REBELLION TO THE SECOND WORLD WAR
The main subject of the research in the paper is the analysis of the models used by Serbian government in the period from the First Serbian Rebellion to the Second World War to suppress prostitution as a social and medical problem. Within the analyzed time period, the state used different models, from the one that criminalized prostitution to the one that tolerated it as a "necessary evil". However, whichever method the state had chosen, the effects were weak, prostitution still existed, as well as venereal diseases. Therefore, investigating prostitution as a phenomenon that is still present in society today and for which the state still seems to be looking for an adequate model of response, it is necessary to look back into the legal past in order to see which of the several used models proved to be the best in practice
LEGAL STATUS AND RESPONSIBILITIES OF DIRECTORS IN A LIMITED LIABILITY COMPANY IN THE REPUBLIC OF SERBIA
The director of a limited liability company in the Republic of Serbia has a key role in the management and representation of the company, whereby his powers, responsibilities and legal position arise from the Companies Law and other relevant regulations. The paper analyzes the legal status of the director, including the manner of appointment and dismissal, authority in the management of affairs, responsibility for the legality of business, as well as his employment status, which can be regulated by an employment contract or a contract on rights and obligations. Special emphasis is placed on the responsibility of the director, which can be property, criminal and misdemeanor, and refers to bookkeeping, representation of the company, reporting obligation, avoidance of conflict of interest and compliance with the prohibition of competition. Although the director has broad powers, they are at the same time limited by the decisions of the founder, the general meeting or the supervisory board, which in practice can lead to dilemmas regarding his actual autonomy in making business decisions. The law sets minimum standards for the responsibility of directors, but the company&#39;s acts may provide for stricter conditions, thereby increasing the degree of its liability. Although the director is formally the highest executive body of the company, his actions are under the constant supervision of the founders and governing bodies, which further emphasizes the complexity of his legal position. In this sense, further analysis and potential changes to the legislation could contribute to a more precise definition of the relationship between directors, founders and other bodies of the company, which would improve legal certainty and efficiency of corporate governance in limited liability companies in the Republic of Serbia.
HUMAN ORGAN TRAFFICKING – THE “YELLOW HOUSE” CASE
This paper examines the case of human organ trafficking known as the “Yellow House” through a multidimensional and multidisciplinary lens, placing it at the intersection of war crimes, organized crime, and long-term security challenges in the Western Balkans. The relevance of this topic is rooted in the long-standing and complex nature of Serbian–Albanian relations, as well as in the specific conditions that emerged during the armed conflicts of the late 1990s in Kosovo and Metohija. In this context, missing persons, detained civilians, and wounded combatants were exposed to heightened vulnerability, which organized criminal networks were able to exploit. The “Yellow House” case illustrates how wartime structures did not simply disappear after the conflict, but in certain instances evolved into criminal networks pursuing financial gain alongside broader political and strategic objectives. The theoretical framework of the paper draws on organized crime theory and on concepts of wartime and post-conflict transformation. This framework enables an analysis of hierarchical structures and the gradual integration of elements of former paramilitary formations into organized criminal networks. Such an approach makes it possible to better understand how instability created by armed conflict can be instrumentalized for illicit activities, including human organ trafficking, and how these practices generate long-term security risks for local communities and the region as a whole. From a methodological perspective, the study relies on qualitative research, combining a case study approach with systematic content analysis of key documents and reports. Particular attention is given to the publicly available findings of Carla Del Ponte, the Dick Marty Report, as well as reports produced by international and local institutions involved in investigations and judicial proceedings. The central part of the paper focuses on the functioning of organ trafficking networks, addressing issues of logistics, geographic locations, victim identification, and the roles of specific actors. This allows for a more nuanced understanding of the organizational and operational dynamics underlying these criminal activities. The concluding section brings together the main findings of the analysis, emphasizing the complexity of human organ trafficking in post-conflict environments and the challenges it poses for the protection of human rights and the enforcement of international humanitarian law. By adopting a multidisciplinary approach, the paper seeks to contribute to discussions on both preventive and punitive responses and to provide a basis for further research on organized crime in wartime and post-conflict settings.
USE OF DEPLETED URANIUM DURING THE 1999 NATO AGGRESSION: INTERNATIONAL LAW AND CRIMINAL ANALYSIS
The use of depleted uranium during the 1999 NATO operations represents one of the most complex and controversial issues in contemporary international humanitarian and criminal law. Although no international treaty explicitly prohibits depleted uranium, extensive scientific evidence demonstrates its long-term toxic, radiological, and environmental effects, raising serious concerns for civilian health and ecological integrity. This paper examines the physical and chemical characteristics of depleted uranium, its toxicological profile, and the scope of its deployment during Operation “Allied Force,” relying on findings by UNEP, WHO, and the IAEA. The legal analysis explores the applicability of key principles of international humanitarian law — including the prohibition of indiscriminate attacks, the proportionality test, environmental protection norms, and the Martens Clause — and concludes that the use of depleted uranium may satisfy the elements of a war crime against the environment, the use of prohibited means of warfare, and, in certain circumstances, a crime against humanity. Special attention is devoted to the responsibility of NATO as an international organization, the responsibility of its member states, and the potential individual criminal responsibility of commanders and planners. Although no formal treaty ban exists, the material standards of international law clearly indicate that the use of depleted uranium is incompatible with the principles of humanity and the protection of civilians. Depleted uranium thus constitutes a de facto prohibited weapon whose deployment raises significant questions of international and domestic criminal liability.
PREAMBLE AS A DETERMINANT OF SERBIAN CONSTITUTIONAL IDENTITY
In the paper, the author deals with creating a connection between the preamble of the Serbian Constitution of 2006 and the concept of constitutional identity, in the part where the preamble mentions Kosovo and Metohija. In the first part, he deals with the origin and concept of the preamble, while in the second part, its legal nature is determined. Then, he points out the problems of the part of the preamble that refers to Kosovo and Metohija. Finally, the author, explaining the concept and importance of constitutional identity, makes a connection between Kosovo and Metohija in the preamble and the constitutional identity of our country, and concludes that the intention of the framers of the constitution was probably to "carve" Kosovo and Metohija into our constitutional identity.
MIGRATION OF KOSOVO IN INTERNATIONAL DATABASES: THE PARADOX OF TERRITORIAL STATISTICS IN A TRANSNATIONAL SOCIETY
Migration from Kosovo represents a distinctive demographic and socio-economic process of the contemporary period. This paper examines which territorially based statistical indicators can adequately describe societies characterized by intensive migration and large diaspora populations. The study analyzes the relationship between the population residing on the territory and the population living abroad by combining several migration indicators. The research is based on a secondary analysis of international statistical databases and includes data on asylum applications in European Union countries, the size of the diaspora, the volume of remittances, and overall population figures. The results indicate several important patterns. First, the existence of a large diaspora and its geographical concentration suggests the presence of stable migration networks and long-established migration routes. Second, the dynamics of asylum applications reveal a wave-like character of migration flows, while simultaneously indicating the persistence of continuous mobility channels. Third, the growing volume of remittances confirms strong economic ties between the diaspora and the society of origin. Taken together, these findings demonstrate that social and economic processes related to Kosovo do not occur exclusively within territorial borders, but rather unfold within a broader transnational space that encompasses diaspora populations. In this context, the diaspora appears not merely as a consequence of migration but as a structural demographic and economic component of society. The analysis also highlights the limitations of classical statistical approaches. Since most demographic and economic statistics are organized around territorial categories, they provide only a partial picture of societies shaped by long-term migration. Statistical systems record a specific model of migration, whereas societies experience migration as a complex, transnational reality. When a significant share of the population lives abroad, territorial statistics become less capable of capturing the actual structure of society. Consequently, understanding such processes requires combining multiple indicators and examining the relationship between territorial populations and diasporic communities.
ROLE OF THE REPUBLIC OF TURKEY AND THE UNITED KINGDOM OF GREAT BRITAIN AND NORTHERN IRELAND IN CURRENT CRISIS IN AP KOSOVO AND METOHIJA
Observed through a historical prism, the crisis in the Kosovo and Metohija region of Serbia is determined by geopolitical interests of regional and global powers, historic processes and ethnographic changes, in which constantly, but with varying intensity, Albanian and Serbian people confront and defend each other’s right over the territory. The NATO aggression in 1999 on the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (FRY) and the ensuing proclamation of “Kosovo“ independence in 2008, incited and encouraged the Albanian political elites to act in accordance with the Prizren League Declaration from 1878 so as to undertake intensified measures for the establishment of Great Albania, which in line with the Albanian strategic culture would foster the principles of fascist ideology “One state, one language, one nation, one religion“. To prove that such an ideology is conducted in the territory of Kosovo and Metohija, we mention several facts reflected in the violence committed daily towards Serbian and other, non-Albanian population, along with their properties, cultural and religious bulidings, which has led to a shift in national structure and systematic destruction of Serbian cultural heritage. The subject matter of this paper covers the wider context of the expressed interests of Turkey and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (hereinafter: Great Britain) in contemporary security circumstances, characterised by the presence of hybrid threats with focus on the Autonomous Province of Kosovo and Metohija (hereinafter: AP KiM) within the security agenda of these powers.
MODERN SECURITY RISKS WITH SPECIAL FOCUS ON KOSOVO AND METOHIJA
Modern technologies have enabled the expansive development of various forms of terrorist activity. As one of the forms of use of modern technologies, the example of unmanned aerial vehicles, better known as "drones", is cited, which can be used for both military - operational and tactical purposes, but can also have a very widespread application for the activities of various terrorist and paramilitary organizations. A special problem that arises here is that the use of these unmanned aerial vehicles is becoming increasingly accessible today, and the prices of purchasing these devices are no longer as high as before. Also, these devices are becoming increasingly accessible to various paramilitary organizations, which openly use them to achieve their illegal goals. A particular security risk today is the use of artificial intelligence, which can be considered one of the most dangerous tools in the hands of terrorists or criminal organizations. The algorithms that artificial intelligence has at its disposal are both capable of causing great damage and of being a powerful weapon in the hands of terrorism and crime.
IDEOLOGICAL STIGMATIZATION OF SCIENCE. THE CASE OF KNJIGA O KOSOVU BY DIMITRIJE BOGDANOVIĆ
Ideological bias was one of the greatest shortcomings of historiography from the time of socialist Yugoslavia. The strict control of the ruling communist party was the main reason why many important topics were inadequately covered or even completely avoided. Therefore, during the 1980s, after the death of Josip Broz, a large number of diverse books appeared, that caused controversy in both party and scholarly circles. Among them is Knjiga o Kosovu by academician Dimitrije Bogdanović, which later, like its author, experienced a large number of politically motivated attacks. In addition to analyzing the book, the paper will reconstruct the context in which it was written, the author's motives for addressing the topic, and the reactions provoked by its publication. The paper is based on sources in the form of press and testimonies of contemporaries, as well as relevant scientific literature.
“ENDURE WITH HONOR”: THE CLERGY OF THE ARCHBISHOPRIC OF BELGRADE-KARLOVCI BETWEEN BOMBS, CAMPS, AND EXTRAJUDICIAL EXECUTIONS (1941–1944)
This paper examines the suffering of the clergy of the Serbian Orthodox Church within the territory of the Archbishopric of Belgrade-Karlovci during the Second World War. The aim of the study is to analyse the complex position of the clergy under conditions of wartime destruction, occupation repression, and revolutionary violence. The research is based on the analysis of archival materials, church documentation, parish chronicles, memoir sources, and recorded oral testimonies, with a critical comparison of data from different sources. The findings indicate that the clergy were exposed to multiple forms of persecution and suffering. Some perished during the German bombing of Belgrade in April 1941 and the Allied air raids of 1944, while others were subjected to arrest, imprisonment, and internment in camps such as Banjica. A significant number of clergy members also faced ideological accusations and were executed without trial in the context of revolutionary purges. Special attention is given to the case studies of Hieromonk Emilijan (Banovački), abbot of the Monastery of Rajinovac, and Priest Branislav Marković of Umčari. Their tragic fates illustrate the mechanisms of local ideological conflicts and extrajudicial executions that marked the final years of the war and the immediate post-war period. The study concludes that the suffering of the clergy represents an important indicator of the position of the Church within the Archbishopric of Belgrade-Karlovci in the context of occupation, wartime devastation, and ideological conflicts.
HEALTH CONDITIONS IN THE TERRITORY OF THE MORAVА BANOVINA 1929-1941
The health system in Serbia was underdeveloped, which was also contributed to by the destruction of the health infrastructure and the loss of educated personnel during First World War. This is a territory whose cultural and educational level was far below that of the northwestern regions of Yugoslavia, due to a lack of funds and professional personnel. In addition to treatment, one of the measures was the education of the population, in which, in addition to the Ministry of Social Policy and Public Health, the Ministry of Physical Education was also involved. The goal was to influence, through lectures, a change in hygiene habits, especially among children. In addition to doctors and nurses, teachers were also involved in this action. In terms of the number of lectures held, the Morava banovina lagged behind other parts of the country, which can be explained by a lack of funds, but also by the lack of interest of the listeners. The attention paid to health institutions is best seen based on budget items, with the Department of Social Policy and Public Health coming in second place in terms of expenditure, right behind the Technical Department.
INTEGRAL YUGOSLAVISM AND THE POLITICS OF SERBIAN LANGUAGE TEACHING IN INTERWAR YUGOSLAVIA (1918-1941)
This paper examines the influence of the ideology of integral Yugoslavism on the teaching of Serbian, or the so-called “national language”, in the schools of interwar Yugoslavia (1918-1941). The study is based on an analysis of curricula, syllabi, and textbooks. Its aim is to demonstrate that language instruction served as a tool of cultural unification, political socialization, and the cultivation of loyalty to the state. The analysis of normative documents, readers, and teaching manuals shows that schooling in the interwar period fulfilled both educational and ideological functions. This is particularly evident in the promotion of the idea of a “single national language,” a shared literary tradition, and models of desirable national identity. Through content analysis, the paper connects the historical reconstruction of school policy with sociolinguistic and pedagogical insights and shows how language teaching contributed to the construction of national unity. Situated within the broader context of European language policy and state-building pedagogy, the paper portrays education as a sphere in which the cultural, ideological, and political strategies of modern states intersect.
THE FIGHT IN VELIKA HOČA IN 1905 AND ITS ECHO IN SERBIAN LITERATURE
Small group of seven Serbian chetniks led by Savatije Milošević and lazar Kujundžić, was killed in 1905 in Velika Hoča, on the way to Poreče. The local Albanians hosted them in their home, taking an oath not to hand them over to the Turkish authorities, but they broke the oath. The deceived Chetniks fought all night with local Albanians and Turkish soldiers, and were all killed. The paper analyzes the echo of this event in Serbian literature and the press, which served as a medium for glorifying the sacrifice and patriotism of both the Chetniks and their families. Among the victims, Lazar Kujundžić and Savatije Milošević were most mentioned, but in terms of reconstructing Chetnik (and Serbian) heroism and creating new national heroes, Kujundžić and his mother Jovanka, who was allegedly invited to identify her son and refused so as not to endanger the Serbs, were particularly inspiring. Interpretations of the event itself are predominant, but also of the events that followed, such as the identification of the dead and the fate of the Albanians who betrayed them. Under the influence of interpretations in the press, the first literary texts appeared, such as the short story by Zarija Popović, and then the celebrated Dubrovnik writer and playwright Ivo Vojnović wrote the play The Resurrection of Lazarus, which was performed on the stage of the National Theater in Belgrade. These two works, along with the verses of Milosav Jelić, built the final perception of the events in Velika Hoča in the Serbian public, tradition and culture. Literary interpretations of the battle in Velika Hoča continued in the interwar period, in the works of Grigorije Božović. After 1930, Chetnik anniversaries began to occur, and on their occasion, periodicals published appropriate articles about the Chetnik movement, memories of participants or contemporaries of their activities, biographies of dukes and Chetniks, and descriptions of Chetnik battles.
METROPOLITAN ĐORĐE NIKOLAJEVIĆ AND THE PROBLEM OF PRESERVING SERBIAN ECCLESIASTICAL-NATIONAL INTERESTS IN BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA AT THE END OF THE 19TH CENTURY
The socio-political, national-identity and church conditions in Bosnia and Herzegovina during the first decades of the Austro-Hungarian occupation were extremely complex. In these intricate relations, the only organization that had a national character and that had the responsibility to protect and preserve the Serbian identity-religious uniqueness was the Orthodox Church. However, in a situation where the Orthodox dioceses in Bosnia and Herzegovina had a semi-autonomous status within the Patriarchate of Constantinople with special rights of the Viennese court towards them, the position and circumstances in which that church could operate become clearer to us. In this regard, the question of a specific person who would uphold the throne of the Dabro-Bosnian metropolitans as the most respected see in Bosnia and Herzegovina was of exceptional importance.
CULTURAL ASPECTS OF SELF-TRANSLATION IN A TRANSLINGUAL CONTEXT: LANA BASTAŠIČ AND VESNA GOLDSWORTHY
Self-translation represents a specific form of translation practice in which the roles of author and translator overlap, raising questions of authorial freedom, interpretation, and cultural mediation. In contemporary translation studies, self-translation is increasingly viewed through translingual and cultural approaches that emphasize the dynamic relationship between language, culture, and identity. This paper explores the cultural aspects of self-translation through an analysis of selected works by Lana Bastašić and Vesna Goldsworthy. Based on a contrastive analysis of original texts and their self-translations, the paper examines how these authors approach culturally marked elements, as well as the strategies they employ in adapting the text to a new linguistic and cultural context. The analysis demonstrates that in both cases, self-translation functions as a creative and interpretative process, where the self-translation constitutes an equal part of the author’s body of work. ​
LITERARY CONTRIBUTIONS IN THE MAGAZINE BRATSTVO
The magazine Bratstvo was published in Sarajevo from 1925 to 1941, as a spiritual magazine for religious and popular education. Although it primarily dealt with religion, it also followed the cultural life of the Serbian people in Bosnia and Herzegovina and fostered beautiful literature. Therefore, it represents a significant treasury of quality literary texts written in the spirit of the Serbian Orthodox faith and folk tradition. They celebrate the greatest Christian holidays, Christmas and Easter, and the customs that go with them. Prose contributions are written in various forms, so we have: hagiographies, biographies, letters, short stories, contributions on literature in general and notes on writers and books. The most valuable prose literary works in the magazine Bratstvo from Serbian medieval literature are biographies. In terms of the number of published prose contributions, biographies of church and secular figures are at the forefront, and biographies of heroes and dukes who became famous for their heroism in the First and Second Serbian Uprisings, and who were at the same time spiritual representatives of the Serbian people, are also represented. Bishop Nikolaj Velimirović (1881−1956) published seven prose contributions in the form of letters that were reprinted from the work Missionary Letters. A large number of prose contributions consist of moral-instructive and religious stories in which Christian virtues are emphasized and envy and anger are condemned. In choosing such content, the editor seriously thought about the education of children and youth in the spirit of the Christian faith and folk tradition. By selecting high-quality literary texts, reviews and recommendations of certain books by prominent Serbian writers and theologians, the editor influenced the formation of the audience's reading taste. By paying attention only to texts in the field of literature, one should not ignore the fact that the magazine Bratstvo, given its long existence, was a treasure trove of information from the spiritual and cultural life of its time and that it significantly influenced the raising of the level of knowledge and education in Bosnia and Herzegovina.
THE STUDY OF THE SERBIAN LANGUAGE AND LITERATURE AT THE INSTITUTE FOR SERBIAN CULTURE PRIŠTINA – LEPOSAVIĆ (ON THE EXAMPLE OF COLLECTING AND EDITING WORK IN THE FIELD OF FOLK AND ARTISTIC LITERATURE
As part of a more extensive research project, the aim of which was to present the work of the Institute for Serbian Culture Priština – Leposavić by departments, i.e., fields and scientific disciplines, as well as a subproject dedicated to the study and preservation of the Serbian language and literature at the Institute, it has been planned to publish a series of papers which view this area primarily through publishing activities – dictionaries, collecting and editing work in the field of folk and artistic literature. Subsequent papers will illustrate the study of the aforementioned scientific discipline through monographic publications (historical-literary monographs, monographs dedicated to individual creative poetics, but also those which comprehensively address a single topic or subject, that is, a linguistic area, including books of essays and studies), through other forms of publishing (thematic collections of papers and proceedings of scientific conferences, bibliographical, and serial publications, i.e., the journal Baština), as well as through non-publishing activities (organisation of scientific conferences, round-table discussions, book promotions, collections of papers, journals, and the Institute itself), literary and institutional co-operation with scientific and cultural institutions, researchers’ guest appearances on thematic scientific radio and TV programmes, etc. Thus, this paper is the first in the series of contributions to the study of the Serbian language and literature through the publishing activities of the Institute for Serbian Culture. As a necessary cultural-historical and institutional context, the introductory part depicts the struggle to establish the Institute for the study of Serbian culture in Priština, outlining its scientific, cultural, and national objectives as well as presenting a concise history of its activities. Attention is then directed to the classification, number, and a concise review of publications dedicated to the study of the Serbian language and literature, while the central part of the paper is devoted to the analysis of collecting and editing work in the field of folk and artistic literature, with a special focus on the prefaces of collections of folk literature, anthologies, and chrestomathies, along with a book of edited critical texts with a significant introductory study (preface) and a bibliographical contribution. Owing to their scientific, cultural, and national value, particular attention was given to two scientific achievements – the project involving documentation and publication of Students’ Records of Serbian folk literature in the territory of Kosovo and Metohija, which was conducted under the guidance of Professor Vladimir Bovan and proved to be invaluable due to the exodus of Serbs in this territory, as well as the project involving collection and sistematisation of verbal folklore in the territory of Levač and Temnić conducted by Velibor Lazarević, a scientific associate of the Institute. Through a review and analysis of the aforementioned publications, the aim of the paper is to highlight the thematic, methodological, and socio-ideological frameworks within which the researchers and associates of the Institute approached Serbian folk literature and anthological work, to point out unexplored areas, and to emphasise the significance of the Institute’s publishing activities as one of the key forms of scientific engagement in the preservation and interpretation of Serbian literary and linguistic heritage.
THE CHRONOTOPE OF KOSOVO AND METOHIJA IN THE REPORTAGE WRITINGS OF LAZAR VUČKOVIĆ: TRANSIENCE AS A KEY THEMATIC LAYER
The subject of the research is directed toward the analysis of the motif of transience in the reportage texts of Lazar Vučković through the theory of the chronotope. The focus is on reportage as a hybrid genre that combines documentary factuality and literary-artistic treatment, which allows for an examination of the way this corpus functions as a specific testimony of cultural identity. The paper sheds light on the manner in which Vučković’s text literarily shapes the transient aspects of social and historical reality, transforming them into enduring records. The aim of this research is reflected in proving the thesis that these texts, grounded in pronounced subjectivity, transcend their primary informative function and develop into a quiet confession of a world that is disappearing. This opens space for a deeper understanding of the cultural, existential, and historical dimensions of Kosovo and Metohija in the mid-twentieth century.
KOSOVO THEME IN THE POETRY OF SERBIAN MODERNISTS
In this paper, we raise the issue of the interpretation of the Kosovo theme in the poetry of Serbian modernists Aleksa Šantić, Jovan Dučić, Milan Rakić, Vladislav Petković-Dis and Sima Pandurović, as well as their companions such as Velimir Rajić, Mirko Korolija and Milutin Bojić. The aim of the paper is to show to what extent the Kosovo theme is developed in all segments of the Kosovo motifs that make up the heroics of the Kosovo myth. The heroics of the Kosovo myth were thematically a national liberation feature. In artistic poetry, the Kosovo theme will grow beyond stylistic trends and eras and will last for centuries, creating a new, artistic Kosovo epic.
BETWEEN WORD AND STONE: REPRESENTATIONS OF CHURCHES IN THE TRAVEL WRITING OF GRIGORIJE BOŽOVIĆ THROUGH THE LENS OF SACRED SPACE CONSTRUCTION
The pilgrimage travel writings of Grigorije Božović testify to their wide scope of reception. This paper will focus on a comparative examination of the literary and aesthetic strategies employed in the representation of churches and the constitution of sacred space, within an interdisciplinary framework encompassing art history, aesthetics, and literary studies. The corpus has been excerpted from a larger number of travel accounts contained in the book Na hadžiluku (On Pilgrimage), with particular emphasis on the travelogues ,,Kičevska Prečista” and ,,By the Swan Song of Rade Neimar”, which stand out as the most representative examples of the problem under consideration. Spatial theory will be established as an integrative theoretical framework linking the perspectives of art history and literary studies. The poetics of sacred space will enable an interpretation of churches in Božović’s travel writing from a dual perspective: as artistic and architectural objects, and as literary representations. The functional descriptions of churches, as well as the spiritual and symbolic dimension of the selected travel-reportage narratives, will be analyzed in their interrelation, through the lens of the constitution of sacred space, within the framework of a hierotopic and hierophanic approach.
THE ANALYSIS OF ANIMACY IN THE DOVOLJA MONASTERY GOSPEL
The grammatical category of animacy in contemporary Serbian language is a formal syncretism in accusative and genitive cases of the masculine forms of words with declension denominating living beings. Contrary to the acc. = gen. marker for the animate, the category of inanimacy implies the acc. = nom. overlap when denominating objects and other inanimate phenomena. The paper analyses the forms in which the grammatical category of animacy occurs in the Gospel found in the Dovolja Monastery, dating back to the period between 1387 and 1389 and comprising 220 pages of parchment. The Gospel contains fragments of the Gospel of Matthew and the Gospel of Luke, as well as the Gospel of Mark in its entirety. 44 constructions in the acc. = gen. form (marking animacy) and 68 constructions in the acc. = nom. form (marking inanimacy) functioning as direct objects have been selected from the manuscript.