International Journal of Contemporary Security Studies
The International Journal of Contemporary Security Studies (IJCSS) is a double-blind peer-reviewed, open-access, international journal published twice a year. The journal serves as a platform for academics, policymakers, and practitioners to share high-quality research and practical insights on contemporary security issues. IJCSS explores a broad range of security topics, including but not limited to national security, cyber security, intelligence studies, counterterrorism, organized crime, geopolitical conflicts, hybrid threats, military strategy, crisis and emergency management, critical infrastructure protection, radicalization, border security, international relations, environmental security, fire safety, disaster risk reduction, nuclear, biological, and chemical security threats, transnational organized crime, migration and border control, space security, human security, public safety, and security governance. The journal also examines the intersection of technology, human rights, and security policy in an evolving global landscape. Aims and Scope The journal aims to provide an interdisciplinary platform for theoretical and empirical research in security studies. It seeks to facilitate communication between academics, security practitioners, policymakers, and analysts, encouraging a deeper understanding of security challenges in a rapidly changing global environment. The International Journal of Contemporary Security Studies (IJCSS) explores a broad range of security-related topics, covering both traditional and emerging security challenges. These include, but are not limited to: National security and defense policies Cyber security, digital warfare, and information security Intelligence studies, surveillance, and strategic analysis Counterterrorism, violent extremism, and deradicalization strategies Transnational organized crime, human trafficking, and illicit networks Geopolitical conflicts, hybrid warfare, and asymmetric threats Military strategy, defense technologies, and arms control Crisis and emergency management, disaster risk reduction, and humanitarian response Critical infrastructure protection and resilience planning Environmental security, climate change, and resource conflicts Fire safety, risk assessment, and emergency response strategies Nuclear, biological, and chemical security threats Border security, migration policies, and cross-border crime Public safety, urban security, and law enforcement strategies Human security, human rights protection, and ethical challenges in security studies Security governance, policy-making, and legal frameworks Space security and emerging threats in outer space operations IJCSS aims to provide a multidisciplinary platform that facilitates dialogue between academics, practitioners, policymakers, and analysts to enhance global security, stability, and resilience in an increasingly complex and interconnected world. The journal promotes collaboration between different disciplines to develop comprehensive security solutions and enhance global stability and resilience. Editor-in-Chief Prof. Dr. Vladimir M. Cvetković University of Belgrade, Faculty of Security Studies, Belgrade, Serbia.
Faculty of Security Studies, University of Belgrade
The Return of Mandatory Military Conscription
Традиција служења обавезног војног рока у Србији свој заметак налази у периоду друге половине 19. века. Стицање независности Кнежевине Србије на Берлинском конгресу утрло је пут развоја народне стајаће војске 1883. године. Тиме је и српска држава кренула стопама великих сила Европе 19. века, које су увеле народне стајаће војске. Увођење обавезног војног рока било је подстакнуто растућим националним заносом, како у случају великих сила, тако и у случају Србије. Народна стајаћа војска постала је симбол државности и независности Србије, и израз њене вишевековне борбе за слободу. Следствено томе, служење војног рока је представљало праксу која је имала далекосежне ефекте, његова функција надилазила је просту војну обуку. Специфичан израз служења војног рока било је јачање националне свести и особеног етоса српског народа.
Copyright (c) 2024 Contemporary Security Studies
Civil protection and the risk of the use of weapons of mass destruction: actualization of the use of dual-purpose shelters in Serbia
The special military operation that the Russian Federation launched on the territory of Ukraine on February 24, 2022, brings with it a number of problematic issues not only from the domain of military sciences but now increasingly specific security sciences (energy security, environmental security, food security, health security).
Book review: PROTECTION OF CRITICAL INFRASTRUCTURE AS A CONDITION FOR THE PRESERVATION OF LIFE AND THE SURVIVAL OF SOCIETY
The paper presents potential solutions for cyber violence, that is, the solutions for different forms of violence that are manifested in the cyber space. The paper begins with an overview of the theoretical framework, key features of cyberbullying and the roles that people can play in it. In this context, the paper points out the specifics of cyberbullying compared to the traditional bullying, while pointing out the relevant characteristics of the cyber space itself. Based on the consideration of the harmful consequences of cyberbullying, the paper points out the considerable danger of this phenomenon, and consequently, the necessity of its adequate suppression and prevention. In this regard, the paper will present possible solutions for cyber violence related to the application of modern technologies in cyber space. In particular, the paper discusses the importance of utilising information technologies in the fight against cyberbullying, through consideration of their application in the detection of cyberbullying based on the analysis of textual and other content. The capabilities of artificial intelligence and its related fields, that is, technologies that are applied in the suppression of cyber violence will be illustrated through specific projects and models developed for these purposes, which are also applied in cases of peer cyber violence. The paper also examines the possible ways of using certain technologies for providing support to victims of cyber violence.
Implementation od preventive measures for reducing the fire risks in UHMC ,,Dr Dragisa Misovic - Dedinje"
Fire have a great potential to threaten people's lives, property, material goods, and the environment, and turn into disasters. The danger of fire, i.e. the risk to people and property, increases especially in public buildings, in which, as a rule, a large number of people are staying at the same time. Numerous experiences have shown that a large number of fires could have been prevented or extinguished at the initial stage, by observing and applying basic fire protection measures. Еarlier approach to fire protection was based on measures aimed to suppress the fire and reduce its consequences, when the fire had already started. The contemporary concept of fire risk reduction involves planning and implementing a series of preventive measures. Preventive measures are the only effective and economical way to protect against fire, and they affect both the prevention of fire occurrence and the significant reduction of negative effects, if a fire occur.
The U.S. Role and Policies in International Peacekeeping Operations and Peace Building: Potential Engagement with the South Caucasus
The paper is discussing the potential US peace-keeping engagement with the South Caucasus after the Third Nagorno-Karabakh war. Based on the case-study of the Third Nagorno-Karabakh war, followed by ethnic cleaning of the Armenians of Nagorno-Karabakh and continuous Azerbaijani aggression towards the sovereign territory of the Republic of Armenia, the paper analyzes the US interests and draws potential scenarios for US peacekeeping engagement in Armenia-Azerbaijani conflict. It draws five potential scenarios, which are: direct military engagement, support to a UN (or other international organization, for instance, OSCE) mission, support to the EU mission in Armenia, NATO engagement, distancing, and argues that the most realistic model is the US direct diplomatic engagement with major support to the EU/EU countries’ efforts, including military, in Armenia.
Cyberattacks on the Financial Sector of Critical Infrastructure
The financial sector of critical infrastructure represents one of the most vulnerable sectors when it comes to cyber attacks, due to its crucial role in the global economy and the nature of business today. The digitalization of finance opens the door to cyber attacks through the wide and pervasive availability of financial services on modern technologies and networks. This paper explores protective measures against cyber attacks in the financial sector by analyzing three significant incidents: the attack on the Central Bank of Bangladesh, the data breach at Capital One, and the ransomware attack on Travelex, a money transfer company. The primary aim of the research is to analyze the impact of cyber attacks on the financial sector of critical infrastructure and to identify effective protective measures that can reduce the risk of similar attacks in the future. By utilizing a review of international literature and case studies, the paper emphasizes the importance of integrating technological and organizational measures, as well as the significance of building cyber resilience through continuous improvement of security protocols and a culture of cyber awareness. The research findings indicate that while cyber attacks pose significant risks, they can also drive financial institutions toward innovation and enhancement of protective measures.
Remilitarization and the Struggle for an Economic еxploatation of Arctic as a Reflection of War in Ukraine
Main goal of the paper is to analyze some of the most important implications of the contemporary international relations to the security of Arctic region. As a reflexion of the current state of the international relations and the revitalization of the „Cold war“ interactions among key global players, Arctic region has been subject of relatively intensive (re)militarization from both – Russian and „Western“ – sides, as well as of military reconfiguration, in a sense that NATO, through the admission of Finland and Sweden in its membership in April 2023 and March 2024, significantly strenghtened its Baltic, Nordic and Arctic flanks, as well as its presence at the Russian border. The analysis of the subject has been done within the theoretical framework of the science of international relations and by using the selected scientific methods, such as content analysis, inductive and deductive methods, as well as the comparative analysis. One of the conclusions of the analysis is that, as an implicitaion of its (re)militarization, military reconfiguration and of the state of contemporary international relations in general, military security of the Arctic region is by far predominant dimension of its security at the moment. Additional complicating moment regarding the complex situation in the Arctic comes with the „Chinese factor“ and the strong intention of Beijing, primarily over Moscow, to gradually impose itself as a inevitable political, economic, as well as security „force“ in the Arctic region. Western countries, led by the US, the intention of China see as a direct threat to their national interests, while the Russian Federation`s long term best interests, no matter how important its partnership with Beijing is right now, is to keep its presence and influence in the region within the acceptable framework.
Book review: DEVELOPMENT OF JUVENILE JUSTICE IN EUROPE - LESSONS FOR THE FUTURE
The Role of International Law in Combating Fake News
This paper delves into the intricate role of international law in combating the surge of fake news, particularly within the digital realm, and its potential ramifications for international peace and security.The analysis draws upon various sources of international law, including the principle of non-intervention, the International Convention Concerning the Use of Broadcasting in the Cause of Peace, and the Convention on the International Right of Correction, as well as secondary literature that examines the relationship between fake news and international law. The findings suggest that while international law establishes a framework discouraging the creation and dissemination of fake news by entities subject to international law, this regulatory structure proves insufficient in the face of contemporary challenges. Presently, establishing the culpability of a specific entity for the production and/or dissemination of a particular piece of fake news has become exceedingly complex. Furthermore, achieving a consensus within the international community on this issue seems implausible, hindering the likelihood of further development of international law in this domain. Consequently, the author proposes three alternative avenues for regulating fake news: first, through national legislation, as exemplified by the Republic of Serbia; second, via supra-national European legislation; and third, through "self-regulation" by multinational information companies such as Alphabet, Meta, and Twitter. Each of these approaches represents distinct strategies that could offer more pragmatic and feasible solutions in the ongoing battle against the proliferation of fake news.
BIOMETRICS, VIDEO SURVEILLANCE AND FACIAL RECOGNITION TECHNOLOGIES IN REPUBLIC OF CROATIA
The paper aims to point out some of the key issues of modern society in the context of data protection in the way of ensuring public safety. The use of video surveillance, biometrics and facial recognition technology is placed in the context of the Republic of Croatia, and the largest part of the work is devoted to these issues.
FACIAL RECOGNITION SYSTEMS FROM THE PERSPECTIVE OF EUROPEAN DATA PROTECTION STANDARDS IN POLAND
In Poland, facial recognition for public security purposes is a matter subject to various legal acts. The aim of the paper is to indicate the legal acts that regulate these issues, the way in which Poland approaches data protection in the context of the use of recognition systems, as well as the way of harmonizing with European guidelines. The paper offers a continuation of the discussion on the need to ensure the security of the state in accordance with the basic rights and freedoms of citizens using this technology.
VIDEO SURVEILLANCE AND PERSONAL DATA PROTECTION IN THE REPUBLIC OF SERBIA
Рад има за циљ да пружи компаративан приказ нормативног уређења видео-надзора на нивоу Европске уније и нормативног уређења видео-надзора у Републици Србији. Сва питања у области заштите података о личности која проистичу из употребе видео-надзора, како у јавном, тако и у приватном сектору, нераздвојиво су везана за нормативна решења у Европској унији. Аутор закључује да употреба видео-надзора у Републици Србији није у потпуности и на систематичан начин нормативно уређена, што ствара низ проблема међу којима се као највећи издваја нарушавање права грађана.
FACIAL RECOGNITION TECHNOLOGY, AND THE RIGHTS AND FREEDOMS – CASE OF THE REPUBLIC OF SERBIA
Тема технологије препознавања лица која укључује обраду биометријских података у великом обиму, а на јавним површинама у Републици Србији, била предмет интересовања почевши од 2019. године, када је најављена њена примена. Интерес предузимања мера ради спречавања, истраге и откривања кривичних дела, гоњења учинилаца кривичних дела или извршења кривичних санкција, укључујући спречавање и заштиту од претњи јавној употребом напредне технологије, и интерес остваривања и омогућавања уживања основних права и слободе лица, могу се посматрати као опречни интереси друштва, чак и међусобно искључујући. Ипак, ова два, једнако важна, интереса нису нужно непомирљива. У овом раду дат је приказ појединих истраживања о утицају употребе технологија на понашање појединаца, иницијативе за правно уређење употребе технологије препознавања лица у различитим верзијама нацрта закона о унутрашњим пословима који су садржали одредбе којима се омогућава употреба ове технологије, као и различите верзије процена утицаја на заштиту података. Такође је указано на релевантне акте Уједињених нација и Европске Уније. Иако коначног одговора да ли је и, уколико јесте, у којим случајевима је дозвољен општи надзор јавних површина употребом овако развијене, а са становишта људских права интрузивне, технологије нема, дат је предлог мера које би могле да допринесу остваривању различитих интереса на начин да је задирање у права и слободе лица у мери која је неопходна у демократском друштву.
FACIAL RECOGNITION TECHNOLOGIES AND HUMAN RIGHTS – A BRIEF COUNTRY REPORT (SLOVENIA)
The paper aims to describe the practice of using facial recognition technology and the impact it has on human rights in Slovenia. For this purpose, a case was used when public suspicion arose that the police were using facial recognition technology to identify participants in anti-government protests. The conclusion reached in the paper is that the Slovenian regulation on the use of automatic facial recognition systems seems proportionate, while some questions such as "is this technology necessary in a democratic society" remain open.
THE USE OF FACIAL RECOGNITION TECHNOLOGIES
The paper discusses the use of facial recognition technology in the Republic of Estonia both by state authorities and in the private sector. The possibility of using facial recognition technology in elections is pointed out, while underlining all the shortcomings that arise in connection with it. Finally, the possibility of using face recognition technology in real time with video surveillance in public space is considered.
ASYMMETRICAL ACTION OF NON-STATE ARMED GROUPS IN POST-CONFLICT AREAS
The acceleration of globalization has caused a series of negative political, security, demographic and socio-economic consequences in the world, causing the weakening and the collapse of some states, the appearance of various forms of expression of political and social unrest, as well as the strengthening of non-state actors, especially those who use violence to achieve their political, ideological and socio-economic goals. The operation of non-state armed actors, or groups, such as Al-Qaeda, the Islamic State, the Taliban, Hezbollah, Hamas, and Al-Shabaab, in post-conflict zones and areas of frozen conflicts, represents a significant political, security and social problem, at the national, regional and global level. Explanation of the nature and character of the non-state armed groups activities is the subject of consideration in this paper. The authors start from the hypothesis that the action of these actors is essentially asymmetric and largely based on the exploitation of the weaknesses of state and international entities. In this paper authors use the theoretical concept of asymmetry to explain the approaches, methods, techniques and tactics used by non-state armed groups in an effort to maximize their strengths and exploit the weaknesses of a superior adversary. The paper presents a theoretical synthesis of extensive scientific and professional literature on the nature of the activities of non-state armed groups. Numerous scientific and expert analysis and research indicate that non-state armed groups use unconventional and irregular approaches and methods of warfare against a superior opponent, often transferring the conflict to non-military dimensions, in order to compensate their military inferiority and effectively use the enemy's weaknesses. Their activity is very present in post-conflict zones and zones of frozen conflicts, especially in areas where the nexus of criminal activities, conflicts and vulnerability prevails. The asymmetric action of non-state armed groups, in the mentioned zones, is based on challenging state control of the territory and population, through deep infiltration into the political system of the state, creating state-like political orders, violently challenging the state legitimacy by carrying out terrorist attacks, usurping and taking over legal economic and financial flows, as well as organizing various criminal activities.
U radu je obrađena tema krize infektivne bolesti, koja je zhvatila čitav svet i iz korena promenila percepciju celog sveta. Rad započinje osnovnim terminima koji se koriste u sajber bezbednosti, zatim se dalje obrađuju vrste sajber napada uopšte, a kasnije će biti reči o specifičnostima napada koji su vršeni u toku pandmeije kovida 19. Opisani su načini kako su ti napadi vršeni, ko ih je vršio i koje organizacije su bile pogođene. Predstavljena je tabela sa podacima o sajber napadima u prvih nekoliko meseci pandemije. Detaljnije su obrađeni napadi na zdravsvene organizacije, naročite one uključene u brobu protiv kovida 19. Takođe su obrađene odbrambene i kontra mere kao i načini kako sprečiti takve napade. Biće reči i o rezilijentnosti, koje su to ključne sposobnosti za otpornost organizacija za vreme kriza. Na kraju će biti reči o tome kako se organizacija Svetske banke ponašala u novim uslovima poslovanja koje je sa soobm donela pandemija i da li je uspela da se ponaša rezilijentno.
Book review: DISASTER RISK MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS ANALYSIS - A GUIDE BOOK
Post-Conflict Area: „Post“ as invalid for civilian casualties
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Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="List Continue"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="List Continue 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="List Continue 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="List Continue 4"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="List Continue 5"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Message Header"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="11" QFormat="true" Name="Subtitle"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Salutation"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Date"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Body Text First Indent"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Body Text 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Name="Document Map"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Plain Text"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="E-mail Signature"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="HTML Top of Form"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="HTML Bottom of Form"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Normal (Web)"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="HTML Acronym"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="HTML Address"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="HTML Cite"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="HTML Code"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="HTML Definition"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="HTML Keyboard"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="HTML Preformatted"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="HTML Sample"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="HTML Typewriter"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="HTML Variable"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Normal Table"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="annotation subject"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="No List"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Outline List 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Outline List 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Outline 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SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Table Columns 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Table Columns 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Table Columns 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Table Columns 4"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Table Columns 5"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Table Grid 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Table Grid 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Table Grid 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Table Grid 4"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Table Grid 5"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Table Grid 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Table Grid 7"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Table Grid 8"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Table List 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Table List 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Table List 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Table List 4"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Table List 5"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Table List 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Table List 7"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Table List 8"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Table 3D effects 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Table 3D effects 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Table 3D effects 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Table Contemporary"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Table Elegant"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Table Professional"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Table Subtle 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Table Subtle 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Table Web 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Table Web 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Table Web 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Balloon Text"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="Table Grid"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Table Theme"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Placeholder Text"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" QFormat="true" Name="No Spacing"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Revision"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="34" QFormat="true" Name="List Paragraph"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="29" QFormat="true" Name="Quote"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="30" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Quote"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 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Name="Plain Table 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="44" Name="Plain Table 4"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="45" Name="Plain Table 5"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="40" Name="Grid Table Light"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="Grid Table 1 Light"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 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Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 5"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 5"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 5"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 5"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 5"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 5"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 5"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="Grid Table 6 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Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Mention"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Smart Hyperlink"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Hashtag"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Unresolved Mention"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Smart Link"/> </w:LatentStyles> </xml><![endif]--><!-- [if gte mso 10]> <![endif]--> Civilian casualties in an armed conflict are often directly related to the time period of the armed conflict and the geographical area where it takes place. Accordingly, the data on civilian casualties are often referred to only those casualties that occur in the conflict area during the armed conflict, that is, civilian battle-related deaths. This raises the question of whether the post-conflict area, which is etymologically composed from a compound meaning the area "after the conflict", means that the end of the armed conflict, in a certain area also means the end of all the causes that arose as a result of the conflict and which lead to the occurance of civilian casualties? In response to this question, the author comes to the data that civilian victims can also occur due to various indirect (non-violent) causes of death, that is conflict-related deaths, which are a consequence of an armed conflict, but which are not territorially or temporally limited by an armed conflict. Accordingly, the post-conflict area is "post“-conflict when it comes to the manifest nature of the armed conflict, it means the area in which armed activities have ended and in which there are no more battle-related deaths. However, the post-conflict area is not "post“-conflict when it comes to the latent nature of armed conflicts, and the end of the armed conflict does not mean the end of its negative consequences that lead to civilian casualties. Thus, a large number of civilian victims caused by conflict-related deaths also appear in the post-conflict area.
POLICE RESPONSE TO TERRORISM IN MOGADISHU AND MARSEILLE
The security situation at the global level worsened especially at the end of the 20th and the beginning of the 21st century.Terrorism has become one of the biggest threats today.The targets became: physical and technical objects, infrastructure objects, communications of strategic importance, various state and international systems of vital importance for the functioning of states and the international community, and of course human lives.In addition to the measurable damage to these facilities and systems, terrorism also causes great fear and horror because of its terrifying brachial physical methods.Fear and terror grip all layers of society, from children to representatives of the highest executive authorities.Such fear leads to changes in the official policies of states and international organizations. In this paper, we will analyze crisis situations resolved by engaging special police units.By collecting, analyzing, interpreting and presenting quantitative and qualitative data that determine the basic elements of a crisis situation, that is, by looking at crisis situations through a scientific statistical method, we will gain insight into the ability and effectiveness of the police in combating terrorism.This approach will allow drawing conclusions about the factors that determine the operability of police special units.We will also be able to conclude what needs to be done in order to maintain such operability at the required level.
THE USE OF VIDEO SURVEILLANCE IN SITUATIONAL PREVENTION OF BULLYING IN BELGRADE HIGH SCHOOLS
Video surveillance is a security technology used as a visible security measure in the context of situational prevention in schools. It is a technique of formal surveillance which belongs to the specific category of the situational prevention, the use of which increases the risk for potential offender to be detected and caught. Consequently, video surveillance can be widely used to improve school security. One of the usages is related to the prevention of bullying as a school security risk. This paper presents the results of research in 19 Belgrade high schools that was focused on the current state of the video surveillance system in these schools and whether this technique is effective in situational prevention of bullying. Data on the current state of the system were collected using the observation method, while data on the effectiveness were collected based on interviews with 44 members of the Teams for protection in these schools. The research findings show that all included schools use video surveillance, but that in half of them there are problems with insufficient coverage of the school facilities and/or defective equipment. The prevailing opinion among the members of the Teams for protection is that video surveillance is effective in situational prevention of bullying, emphasizing its two advantages. The first one is the deterrent effect, based on the presumption that students will make a decision not to start or to continue prohibited behavior if there is a risk of being detected and caught. The second advantage relates to the detection of cases of prohibited behavior, in which the possibilities of collecting evidence, reconstructing the course of the incident and identifying the offenders are outlined. The general conclusion of the research is that the use of video surveillance has potential for situational prevention of physical bullying, but only provided that the school facilities are well covered and that video surveillance is used in combination with other techniques of formal surveillance, especially the surveillance by teachers and security staff.
THE "FIGHT ОVER KOSOVO" THROUGH THE SOFT POWER OF INTERNATIONAL ACTORS AND SERBIA
The abstraction of soft power is based on the idea or the ability to set political priorities in a way that shapes the desires of others, by connecting with invisible forms of power such as culture, ideology and institutions. Regional cooperation is part of the evaluation of the Western Balkans'countries on their way to integration into the EU and the regional economy. The aim of cooperation is harmonizing with the programs and policies of EU rapprochement through the "four freedoms"; trade, investment, mobility and digital integration require appropriate financial resources, regulations and institutions, in order to achieve fundamental political and economic changes. Changes in this "capillary spread of power" are not visible until the very end, until the moment of complete conquest of power and power, both "soft" and classic. The implementation of these programs is carried out through various non-governmental organizations, organizations for the fight for democracy and the protection of human rights, which often act in sync with each other and are promoted in the media. Through this process, space is given to the realization of cultural hegemony through which Serbia can act with its "soft power" through the preservation of identity and religion as an element that strengthens and emphasizes the national identity of the Serbs in Kosovo. In the article, in the case study of Kosovo states that the international community, led by the USA, is shown that "soft power" is used by implementing its influence through the regional cooperation of the six Balkan countries. Under this accord, this is an opportunity for Serbia to use "soft power" to influence the maintenance of the identity of the Serbian people on Kosovo.
ASSESSMENT OF SELF-EFFICIENCY OF POLICE OFFICERS IN CRISIS SITUATIONS
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</xml><![endif]--><!-- [if gte mso 10]> <![endif]--> Achieving the optimal functioning of police officers in crisis situations, i.e. self-efficacy, among other things, is possible by encouraging internal mechanisms of resistance, which are operationalized in this research through optimism, hope and coping strategies. Given that, the aim of this research was to investigate mutual relationship of the self-efficacy of the police officers in crisis situations and optimism, hope and coping strategies. After that, the contribution of these resilience resources in explaining the criterion variable was investigated, as well as the difference in the level of its expression considering the complexity of the jobs and tasks performed by police officers. The sample was convenient and consisted of 3 sub-samples. The variable self-efficacy in a crisis was measured by the four-factor Crisis Self-Efficacy Scale (C S-E S, Sejin, 2016). The Revised Life Orientation Test (LOT-R, Scheier, Carver, Bridges, 1994) was used to measure the variable optimism. The hope variable was measured by the Adult Hope Scale (AHS, Snyder, et al., 1991), while the Coping Orientation of Problem Experience (COPE, Carver, Scheier, Weintraub, 1989) was used to measure the coping strategies variable. In this research, a statistically significant positive association of problem-oriented coping and emotion-oriented coping was partially confirmed, as well as a partially statistically significant negative association of avoidance coping with the self-efficacy of police officers in crisis situations, while hope and optimism were statistically significantly positively associated with the criterion variable. Optimism, hope and problem-oriented coping proved to be significant predictors of self-efficacy of police officers in crisis situations, while emotion-oriented coping, proved to be a maladaptive predictor. Finally, members of the Special Anti-Terrorist Unit, unlike members of the General police and Police Academy cadets individually, achieve statistically significantly higher results on all subscales of the Self-Efficacy Questionnaire (CSES). Theoretical and practical implications of these findings are discussed.
Importance of the Implementation of Gender Perspective in Post-Conflict Peacebuilding in Liberia
In the past few decades, the gender perspective of peacekeeping operations has attracted significant attention from researchers, policymakers and the media. Given that peacekeeping operations are one of the most effective instruments for conflict resolution, understanding the disproportionate impact of violent conflicts on women and girls is key to understanding the issue of a gender perspective in peacekeeping operations. Respecting their different experiences in conflicts is not just justfied, it is also essential for post-conflict peacebuilding. The United Nations peacekeeping operation in Liberia (UNMIL) is considered as one of the most successful and serves as an exceptional example of a peacekeeping operation in which the presence of female peacekeepers in the contingent, as well as the timely and adequate implementation of a gender perspective, inspired local women to participate in peace and security efforts. This has proved useful not only for the peacekeeping operation, but also for strengthening efforts to create a stable and inclusive post-conflict society. Therefore, the implementation of a gender perspective in peacekeeping operations is an imperative not just in theory, but also in practice, representing an essential element for the success of peacekeeping operations and successful post-conflict peacebuilding.
Arrangement of preventive fire protection in the Republic of Serbia
Једна од најважнијих области у заштити од пожара јесте превенција. Ова област има најважније место, јер се њеним уређењем директно доприноси елиминисању потенцијалих ризика и опасности. У свим државама ова област уређена је различитим законским прописима. Тиме се утврђује јасна организација у превентивном деловању кроз различит и јасно прописан скуп мера и активности. Важно место у законским прописима има превенција унутар привредних субјеката. Сви привредни субјекти су у обавези да спроведу превентивне мере заштите од пожара. Највише обавеза у тој области имају привредни субјекти чија делатност носи са собом потенцијале ризике и опасности. У Србији постоји неколико закона којима је уређена област превентивне заштите од пожара. У њима је прописана и обавеза државних органа да се баве превентивном заштитом од пожара. Стандардизација превентивне заштите од пожара је темељ у спровођењу прописа у овој области. У свакој држави постоји национално тело које је надлежно за стандардизацију и сарађује са адекватним међународним организацијама и сродним националним телима других држава.
Copyright (c) 2023 Contemporary Security Studies
Data protection about children on the Internet
Digitization of data has facilitated everyday communication and data exchange, accelerated business, but has also enabled different forms of data abuse in cyberspace. Malicious subjects can easily, by using new technologies, come into possession of various data about Internet users. The data they mainly access is ussualy collected without the knowledge of the users. Perpertrators often use insufficient information of the users about potential dangers on the Internet. Children spend a large part of their time on the Internet, but they usually are not aware of dangers they can come across while using the Internet, so they often leave there information and content that can easily be misused. An additional danger for children on the Internet is the possibility of sexual exploitation. In addition, there is more and more peer violence on the Internet, which creates special psychological and social problems for children. Since children do not have enough life experience, it is necessary to take measures and activities to protect their data on the Internet. The parents have most important role, then an educational institutions where children stay, but the legal regulation of the protection of data about children on the Internet is also of great importance.
Book review: STRATEGIC (IN)STABILITY IN THE 21ST CENTURY - BETWEEN DISARMAMENT AND PROLIFERATION
Book review: SIGNIFICANCE AND ROLE OF THE COMMUNIST PARTY OF CHINA IN GLOBAL POWER PROJECTION
Chinese socialism and the modern world order (One hundred years since the founding of the Chinese Communist Party) Belgrade: Faculty of security studies
Information security in the function of business continuity management
In the business environment, information as a means of understanding the world and communication, has taken on the role of a corporate resource that deserves at least as much attention as any other resource that any organization has. When talking about information as a corporate resource, it is indispensable to deal with the issue of its protection. Therefore, the attention of the academic and professional public is already largely occupied by the issue of information security, including the implementation of security and other information resources that act as support for the use of information. Information security is a function that must be continuous due to its importance. On the other hand, every organization is faced with the task of ensuring business continuity due to and after disruptions, regardless of the nature of those disruptions. In this regard, the paper starts from the assumption that one of the prerequisites for the business continuity is the (continuity) of information security. The author will try to present how information security contributes to business continuity management.