Kriminalističko-policijski univerzitet, Beograd
Ecoterrorism and Cyberattacks vs. Critical Infrastructure: Counterintelligence and Security Aspects
Critical infrastructure encompasses systems and resources essential to the functioning of the state and its protection consequently stands at the pinnacle of counterintelligence and security priorities. Amid increasingly intensive and complex forms of hybrid threats, the vulnerability of such systems becomes more pronounced—particularly in the domains of cyber-attacks and eco-terrorist acts, as emergent forms of asymmetric threats. Of particular concern is the employment of sophisticated methods of espionage, cyber intrusions and subversive activities, all of which necessitate a strategically oriented and integrated counterintelligence response. In addition to conventional and digital security risks, growing attention must be directed towards the phenomenon of eco-terrorism—that is, the activities of radical environmental groups which, under the guise of environmental protection, carry out attacks targeting infrastructure of vital importance. Cyber threats, including intrusions into operational networks, data destruction and manipulation of control systems, constitute a parallel dimension of security vulnerability, one that challenges the response capacity of traditional protection systems. This paper examines the intersection between eco-terrorism, cyber-attacks and the counterintelligence protection of critical infrastructure, with a particular focus on identifying vulnerabilities, evaluating the effectiveness of existing measures and analysing the role of institutional actors in the prevention, detection and response to such threats. Special attention is paid to the challenges of intersectoral coordination and the pressing need to improve both national and international regulatory and operational frameworks. Drawing upon an analysis of current security strategies and selected case studies, the paper argues that the effective safeguarding of critical infrastructure is achievable solely through a multidisciplinary and comprehensive approach—one that integrates counterintelligence capabilities, technological innovation and international cooperation. The findings of the research offer concrete recommendations for the reform and enhancement of legal and institutional mechanisms, with an emphasis on proactive engagement, situational awareness and adaptive crisis response to threats emerging from eco-terrorist and cyber domains. The contribution of this study lies in its critical examination of the security aspects of contemporary threats to critical infrastructure, offering insights relevant both to the academic community and to decision-makers engaged in the formulation of national and international security policy.
Copyright (c) 2026 NBP. Nauka, bezbednosti, policija
Translation Errors in Serbian Legal Regulations and Their Impact on Text Interpretation and Law Application
Law, in addition to government, is the main element of every state, and it is woven from a whole set of legal regulations. Language is the main tool for expressing the legal content of regulations. Proper application of the regulation and understanding of the will of the person who made the regulation primarily implies linguistic interpretation and understanding of the content of the regulation. It is an axiom of every national legal certainty. On the other hand, in modern processes of globalization and regionalization of interstate relations, the issue of mutual harmonization of national legislations is gaining importance. The condition for successful harmonization is the adequate implementation of international and regional legal standards in the internal legal orders of individual countries, and the condition for adequate implementation is the correct and accurate translation of the legal regulations that are being implemented. Namely, adequate implementation and application of a legal regulation, written in a foreign language, first requires a linguistic understanding of that regulation, which is the essence of the normative interpretation of law, and errors that may occur in the process of implementing inevitably lead to misinterpretation, misunderstanding and misapplication of regulations. This further leads to legal uncertainty, legal disputes and irreversible losses of time and resources in resolving these disputes. The aim of this paper is to point out some of the errors in the translation of a legal text in order to make a modest contribution to translation practice in translation from English into Serbian.
Copyright (c) 2025 NBP. Nauka, bezbednosti, policija
Differences in Family Risk Factors of Drug Usage in Adolescent Girls and Boys
Adolescence is a critical age for the onset of drug use, linked with many risk factors, among which are family factors. This study aimed to investigate 30 family risk factors of drug usage and subsequent gender differences between male and female adolescents. Data was collected from a representative sample of 1287 high school students (Mage = 17.04, SDage = 1.147) from Belgrade, Serbia, of which 52.5% were girls. Participants filled out an anonymous self-evaluation questionnaire during their school hours, with assistance from a school psychologist. Drug usage was defined through the use of cannabinoids, depressants, stimulants, or hallucinogens at least twice in the past. Family risk factors were reported by participants using a checklist listing 30 experiences identified in the literature as risk factors related to the family context. Canonical discriminant analysis was applied separately on the samples of boys and girls and two statistically significant discriminant functions were obtained. In the sample of boys, this function was defined by 7 family variables, 6 of which were predictors of differences between drug usage and non-usage. In the sample of girls, 13 factors influenced the differences between drug usage and non-usage. The only common risk factors in both boys and girls were frequent quarrels with parents, poor communication with family members, and adolescents’ attempts to run away from home. Discussed are the differences in the number and nature of family risk factors for drug use in boys and girls, as well as practical implications for drug use prevention programs.
Effects оf аn Unsupervised Home Exercise Program to Improve Volunteer Firefighter Fitness аnd Occupational Performance: A Pilot Study
Volunteer firefighters perform the same job tasks as professional firefighter but may have lower levels of fitness and be at greater risk of cardiovascular disease. The aim of this study was to determine the effects of an 8-week unsupervised home exercise program on the physical fitness and occupational performance of volunteer firefighters. Firefighters (n=15 male) volunteered to participate. Outcome measures included measures of stature, health (blood pressure and percentage body fat (%BF)), fitness (cardiovascular endurance, muscular strength, power and endurance, flexibility) movement skills (i.e., Functional Movement Screen (FMS)) and occupational performance (stair climb, hose drag, equipment carry and victim drag). Between data collection points, participants undertook an unsupervised 8-week home exercise training program of 3 sessions per week plus corrective exercises based on FMS scores. Of the five firefighters that completed the program compliance rates were 47% (33-70%). Right hand grip strength and FMS scores im-proved significantly (p<0.05) with a trend towards improved blood pressure (p=0.054), and %BF (p=0.084). Given difficulties in providing a supervised exercise program for volunteer firefighters, an unsupervised home exercise program did lead to some improvements in their health and fit-ness. An unsupervised home exercise program may improve elements of firefighter fitness but participation rates and compliance are major challenges. Provision of an unsupervised home exercise program alone will potentially be of limited value. Future research should investigate means of improving unsupervised exercise program compliance in this population.
The Political Economy of High-Stakes Whistleblowing in South Africa
Whistleblowing, which is when organizational insiders expose wrongdoing to an authority that can effect action, has been established as a mechanism that possesses the capacity to combat, or event prevent, high-level malfeasance. Much global research has explored the frequency and the nature of retaliation that whistleblowers are subjected to. However, there is a dearth of research regarding the political economy of whistleblowing. This paper, employing documents as sources of data, has sought to explore the global pattern of fallout experienced by whistleblowers, with the experiences of South African whistleblowers being testament to this. Thus, the cases of South African high-stakes whistleblowing are given particular attention. This paper asserts that weak whistleblower protection legislation is a large contributor as to why whistleblowers face frequent and severe reprisals in South Africa. It also determines that there is an absolute power imbalance between those who report wrongdoing and those who perpetuate it. Ultimately, this paper’s unique contribution lies in establishing that the issue of weak legislation is compounded by the neoliberal political economy. With South Africa exemplifying the neoliberal political economy, initiatives aimed at addressing issues of corruption (such as reinforcing whistleblower protection laws) become difficult in a system where criminal and fraudulent capital is rife, and a wide spectrum of corrupt and socially pernicious practices are common. This paper does, however, concede that pro-social practices can exist within such a system, with the actions of whistleblowers being evidence of this. However, revising the whistleblower protection instrument would require cultural and political-economic resistance to neoliberalism.
Liking Harm, Feeling Fine: Crowd-Cruelty Comfort and the Normalization of Digital Aggression
This article explores the psychological processes and behavioral practices that result from an individual's involvement in online aggression, with a particular focus on social reinforcement processes in virtual communities. Theoretical frameworks well-grounded in the psychological literature, such as deindividuation, moral distancing, and digital disinhibition, will help identify general characteristics of online aggressors and specific behaviors such as endorsing the group through likes, shares, and supportive comments. In an effort to capture the complexity of the online space, an innovative and explanatory concept called Crowd-Cruelty Comfort (CCC) is presented - as a new theoretical framework that describes how individuals have reduced moral discomfort and increased psychological comfort when engaging in harmful or supportive behaviors in the digital space. This concept explains the growing normalization of online aggression through well-studied concepts and mechanisms such as moral mitigation, diffusion of responsibility and suppression of empathy, which were previously identified and explained in the literature, but are now observed in a new context, with new meanings and new consequences that they leave in virtual reality. CCC describes how individuals psychologically process that the harmful or destructive behaviors they engage in are in fact morally justified—and therefore can believe they are not to blame for the behavior and can maintain a positive self-image. The implications of this concept are discussed with respect to digital ethics education, prevention strategies, and intervention programs aimed at mitigating the spread of online harm.
Artificial Intelligence in Criminal Justice: Predictive Tools, Evidentiary Challenges, and Human Rights Implications
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Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Mention"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Smart Hyperlink"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Hashtag"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Unresolved Mention"/> </w:LatentStyles> </xml><![endif]--><!-- [if gte mso 10]> <![endif]--> Integrating artificial intelligence (AI) technologies into criminal justice systems introduces both transformative opportunities and profound legal dilemmas. This paper critically examines the use of AI in crime prediction, risk assessment, evidence analysis, and sentencing, with particular attention to its impact on fundamental procedural rights. Focusing on predictive policing algorithms, facial recognition systems, and AI-assisted evidence review, the research explores how these tools reshape police, prosecutorial, and judicial discretion. Key challenges include transparency, explainability, and risks of systemic bias or “automated justice,” contrasted with constitutional guarantees such as the presumption of innocence, the right to a fair trial, and the principle of legality. The study concludes that while AI can enhance efficiency and accuracy, its uncritical adoption may jeopardize essential human rights protections unless accompanied by robust procedural safeguards. Artificial intelligence should serve as an instrument of human progress, not as a substitute for human judgment.
Armed Conflict as a Tool of Politics: Terrorism, Guerilla or Partisan Warfare
The research problem of this paper is related to the determination of similarities and differences between terrorism, guerrilla and partisan warfare, on specific examples that are processed through case studies. The main goal is to determine the correlation between political victory and armed victory in armed political conflicts. The main result is a scientific explanation of the often confusing relation between combat casualties on the one hand and the political outcomes of armed conflict on the other. The conclusion drawn from the research results tells us how decision-makers should assemble teams to combat threats to national security.
Status of Greenland in the Constitutional and Political System of Denmark: To Be or Not to Be a Sovereign Country?
The article analyses the legal, political, economic and geostrategic aspects of Greenland’s status in the Kingdom of Denmark. After the introductory remarks, there is a brief presentation of the theoretical concept of territorial autonomy, because Greenland is usually considered to be an autonomous territory. It is followed by an overview of the evolution of the status of Greenland in the Kingdom of Denmark. The central part of the paper is the analyses of the legal framework of the current status of Greenland, guaranteed by the Act on Greenland Self-Government of 2009, with particular reference to the system of government, competences, foreign policy and the possibility of gaining independence from Denmark. Next chapter contains the data about political parties in Greenland and recent political dynamics, with special reference to the March 2025 elections, which were marked by the annexation threat by the US President Donald Trump. The concluding remarks summarize the results of the research, especially the legal, political, economic and geostrategic aspects related to the eventual declaration of independence of Greenland.
System of Financing of Local Self-Government in the Republika Srpska: Challenges and Contradictions
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The realization of the local self-government depends, among other things, on the financial autonomy of the units of local self-government. Financial autonomy is directly interconnected with the possibility of units of local self-government to exercise their competencies. The authors analyse the legal framework of the local self-government and the budgetary system of the Republika Srpska to understand the contradictions, deficiencies, and possible solutions for improvement of the system of financing of the local self-government. One of the main conclusions is that the constitutional provisions on local self-government are so general and poor that they enable the legislator to prescribe any system of local self-government as well as to increase or decrease the financial autonomy of the local communities. Another conclusion is that the units of local self-government are to a considerable extent under the direct or indirect control of the central authorities in two main ways. Firstly, the National Assembly can prescribe by law that some new taxes belong to the local communities or that some existing taxes cease to be their financial resource. Secondly, considerable part of local revenues are taxes which originally belong to the Republika Srpska and which it shares with the local communities according to legally prescribed percentages. One can conclude that legal guarantees of the financial autonomy of the local communities are quite uncertain and under almost total control of the central authorities.
Security Matters: Predictors of Self-Rated Prison Climate in Serbian Prisons
Background: The prison climate significantly impacts prisoners’ quality of life and rehabilitation outcomes. This cross-sectional study aimed to identify which security-related dimensions predict prisoners’ evaluations of overall prison climate in the largest Serbian correctional institutions. Methods: We administered the Measuring the Quality of Prison Life (MQPL) survey to 543 (86% males) prisoners in four correctional facilities: Sremska Mitrovica, Niš, Požarevac–Zabela, and Požarevac. Most participants were aged 31–40, were serving sentences of 3 to 10 years under a closed regime, and nearly half had committed a violent offence or received disciplinary measures. We conducted hierarchical regression analyses to examine the predictive value of four MQPL dimensions (Policing and Security, Prisoner Safety, Prisoner Adaptation, and Drugs and Exploitation) on overall climate ratings. Results: Regime type significantly predicted overall climate ratings in Step 1 (β = .28), with semi-open regimes receiving more positive ratings. When MQPL subscales were added in Step 2, the explained variance increased from 8% to 28%. The predictive strength of regime type decreased (β = .12). Prisoner Safety (β = .28) and Policing and Security (β = .26) were the strongest predictors, while Prisoner Adaptation and Drugs and Exploitation were not significantly associated with overall ratings. Conclusions: While the structural regime type is important, prisoners’ evaluations of life in custody are primarily influenced by their perceptions of safety and adequate staff supervision. Improving institutional safety through fair and consistent supervision may have a greater impact on prison climate than regime classification alone. Keywords: prison climate, prison security, prisoner safety, staff supervision.
Exploration of the Fitness of Law Enforcement Candidates across Different Ethnicities
Law enforcement agencies often hire diverse candidates reflective of their community. Candidates should possess good fitness to complete academy; however, ethnicity/sociocultural norms could influence fitness. This study investigated fitness differences between law enforcement candidates of different ethnicities. Retrospective analysis was conducted on data from 2041 candidates (1659 males, 382 females) from a US law enforcement agency. During the hiring process, candidates completed: 60-s push-ups; 60-s sit-ups; 75-yard pursuit run (75PR); 60-s arm ergometer revolutions; and 2.4-km run. Candidates self-reported their ethnicity as one of the following: Asian, Black, Filipino/Pacific Islander, Hispanic, Indigenous, Non-Specified (candidate did not disclose ethnicity, ethnicity not represented in provided options), and White. A univariate analysis, with sex as a covariate, determined between-group differences (p<0.05). Effect sizes (d) were also derived for pairwise comparisons. White candidates completed fewer push-ups than Non-Specified candidates (p=0.036, d=0.28). For the 75PR, Black and Non-Specified candidates were faster than = Asian and Hispanic candidates (p≤0.024, d=0.43-0.53); White candidates were faster compared to Hispanic candidates (p<0.001, d=0.27). Black candidates completed the 2.4-km run slower than the Hispanic, Non-Specified, and White candidates (p≤0.042, d=0.22-0.43). Ethnicity alone does not determine one’s aptitude as a law enforcement officer. However, the data did suggest that certain ethnic groups exhibited select fitness differences. Personnel should understand sociocultural norms that could influence candidate fitness. This study provides further evidence for ability-based training during academy and the need for a broad fitness battery to assess different characteristics that measure the wide range of physical traits essential for performing occupational tasks.
Criminal Behavior Patterns of a Serial Robbery Perpetrator: A Case Study
This paper examines a series of 24 robberies committed by a single offender, using data obtained from the Ministry of Internal Affairs, specifically the Police Directorate of the City of Belgrade. Through qualitative analysis of the offender’s criminal history and modus operandi, as well as frequency analysis and temporal-spatial distribution, the study provides a comprehensive insight into patterns of criminal behavior. The findings reveal distinct preferences regarding the time of offense (evening hours between 7 PM and 11 PM) and specific months (February and April), as well as geographical clusters of activity concentrated within certain Belgrade municipalities and streets. The analysis of the modus operandi highlights a consistent use of both planned and opportunistic strategies aimed at minimizing risk and maximizing gain. The results contribute to a deeper understanding of serial criminal behavior patterns, offering both theoretical and practical frameworks for the development of targeted preventive and operational strategies in policing practice.
Attitudes of Police Officers on the Implementation of Body Worn Cameras in the Police of Serbia
Police organizations in the United States were among the first to implement body-worn cameras more than a decade ago. Shortly thereafter, law enforcement agencies across Europe also started to adopted body-worn cameras as part of their operational practices. These devices have been widely regarded as effective tools for addressing specific challenges in policing and improving overall police performance. In line with global trends in modernizing policing practices, the Serbian Police launched a pilot project for the implementation of body-worn cameras in September 2023. Prior to the initiation of this pilot phase, a research study was conducted to examine the attitudes and perceptions of police officers toward body-worn cameras. The findings of this study are intended to provide valuable insights for planning and decision-making related to the implementation process.
The Compliance of Local Self-Government Financing Rules in the Republic of Serbia and the Republic of Srpska with the European Charter of Local Self-Government
A necessary precondition for the existence and functioning of local self-government is the existence of appropriate financial resources. The European Charter of Local Self-Government is an important legal act regarding the question of local self-government in general, including its financing, since this act sets a number of standards that represent a common frame for national legislators. This paper tends to analyze the legislation of the Republic of Serbia and the Republic of Srpska concerning financing and its compliance with the principles from the Charter. In order to achieve this goal, dogmatic and comparative methods will be used, as well as statistical data. Upcoming analysis will show that the legislation in Serbia and Srpska is not in toto in accordance with the standards prescribed in the Charter regarding the financing of local self-government units.
The Effectiveness of Police Forces Through the Centuries: the Evolution of the Training Process in a Contemporary Social Context
By researching the emergence and development of police training, he considers how, throughout history, the structure and organization of police forces were shaped, with special emphasis on the processes of education, permanent training and professional development. The evolution of police training in response to dynamic social change and growing demands for professionalism, specialization and certification are being considered. Approaches to training in different countries are analyzed, showing how national and international factors shape educational methods and goals. The paper also sheds light on how theoretical knowledge and practical skills in training contribute to the effectiveness and efficiency of police work in modern society. The paper aims to provide insight into key trends and challenges in police training, with the perspective of further improvement and adaptation of educational strategies to respond to the demands of the modern age.
The Influence of Particular Entrance Exam Score on Enrolment and Graduation at the University of Criminal Investigation and Police Studies
The aim of the research was to determine if there was a difference in the entrance exam scores between the candidates who enrolled and those who did not at the University of Criminal Investigation and Police Studies (UCIPS), as well as between the graduates and non-graduates. Analysing data from 1657 candidates who participated in the UCIPS entrance exam, the study categorizes candidates based on gender, entrance exam results, and graduation. The research focuses on High School Success (HSS), and three components of the entrance exam: Serbian Language Test (SLT), General Knowledge Test (GKT), and Basic Physical Abilities (BPA). To examine the impact of all variables, the study applied an independent t-test to compare group differences, followed by effect size calculations. The findings reveal that candidates who enrolled, regardless of gender, exhibited significantly higher scores and larger effect sizes in all exam segments compared to those who did not enrol. Additionally, graduates exhibited higher performance in HSS, SLT, and GKT, which may indicate the predictive value of these components for academic success. Conversely, no significant difference was found in BPA scores between graduates and non-graduates, underscoring its unique eliminatory role in the selection process, as BPA is the only test with an eliminatory threshold. The study also emphasizes the role of continuous learning, perseverance, and motivation, as reflected in higher entrance exam scores, in influencing academic achievement. The research suggests that implementing a minimum score threshold for various exam components could potentially enhance learning efficiency and graduation rates at the UCIPS.
The EU Legal Framework on Irregular Migration – Critique and the Role of the Republic of Serbia
The Common European Asylum System (CEAS) stands as a critical component in managing the escalating challenges posed by irregular migrants in the European Union. This comprehensive review explores the core objectives and strengths of the CEAS, highlighting its pivotal role in harmonizing asylum procedures, upholding human rights, and fostering solidarity among EU member states. The CEAS's accomplishments in reducing disparities and minimizing "asylum shopping" through harmonization are examined, along with its efforts to streamline application processing for greater efficiency. Despite its strengths, the CEAS faces persistent challenges, both internally and externally. Disparities among member states' implementations have led to concerns about unequal treatment, emphasizing the importance of burden-sharing mechanisms such as the Dublin Regulation. The paper underscores that political divisions among EU member states have strained relations, hindering progress toward a more unified approach in managing asylum seekers. The CEAS has also grappled with backlogs and processing delays, which can negatively impact the mental and physical well-being of applicants. External factors, such as the rise of anti-immigrant sentiments and populist movements in certain member states, on the development and implementation of a unified asylum policy. The Republic of Serbia, situated as a vital transit country along the Western Balkan migration route, has faced significant challenges in managing irregular migration flows. Stranded refugees, predominantly in search of asylum in Western and Northern European countries, traverse Serbia, despite it being a temporary stopover rather than a permanent destination. In the wake of an unprecedented influx of migrants in 2015 and early 2016, Serbia adopted a proactive approach, focusing on human rights protection and humanitarian assistance. This response, despite being an internal challenge, proved successful and underscored Serbia's capacity to manage migration crises. The European Union's funding for humanitarian programs and governmental capacity further facilitated Serbia's role in addressing the refugee issue. Serbia's institutional framework for migration management aligns with EU enlargement policies, and the nation has positioned itself as "refugee friendly" in preparation for EU accession. To ensure future preparedness for similar situations, Serbia must invest in institutional memory, recording experiences and solutions for easy future application. Education should be a three-pronged approach, providing institutions, citizens, and immigrants with relevant knowledge and skills. This proactive strategy will help Serbia effectively address irregular migration in the future and promote the rights, safety, and integration of migrants.
Powers of Private Security Officers in Serbia and Human Rights and Freedoms: Some Dilemmas and Possible Solutions
In modern society and the state, the delegation of the levers of power is noticeable, especially the possibility of applying coercion, which is also observed in the field of private security. As it is a new approach in practice, it causes certain dilemmas. In order for the level of respect for human rights and freedoms to be at a reasonable level during the exercise of powers by private security officers, certain principles that the authors arrive at by abstracting legal norms must be respected. In order to better understand the relationship between the powers of public authorities and private security, the authors tried to reach certain conclusions using the comparative law method. Most controversies are caused by powers that are enforced in practice but are not regulated by law (protection of crime scene, regulating traffic and identifying the presence of alcohol and other psychoactive substances in the body), so the authors tried to find the best possible solutions through observation with participation. It is concluded that the best solution is to regulate the enforcement of these powers through amendments to the law.
Face Recall and Face Recognition: Description Accuracy Does Not Indicate Eyewitness Identification Accuracy
Eyewitness testimonies are frequently considered crucial in criminal investigations. The impact of the initial description provided by an eyewitness on subsequent identification accuracy remains an understudied area. We employed a slightly modified version of Schooler and Engstler-Schooler's (1990) experimental approach to assess whether description quantity and quality are related to lineup identification accuracy. The sample comprised 99 undergraduate students from the University of Sarajevo. More than 50% of our participants made an accurate lineup identification, whereas they recalled and described only the general physical characteristics with minimal detail. No significant relationship between the quantity/quality of descriptions and identification accuracy was observed in terms of the total number of words, total number of details in the description, and individual characteristics that participants mentioned in the description. In other words, neither an extensive nor a detailed description effectively predicts lineup identification accuracy. Finally, our findings suggest that the recognition task is significantly less challenging for participants than the recall and description tasks because descriptions provide a general impression of an individual and lack detailed information. These results were considered within cultural, generational, and practical contexts.
Speaker Recognition Based On Auditory Impression: The Role Of Familiarity With The Speaker And Language
Speech is a fundamental means of interpersonal communication. Speaker identification based on voice and speech can be analysed through two perspectives, expert listening by trained phoneticians, for the purpose of forensic speaker identification and naïve listeners. Factors related to the success of identification often include prior familiarity with the speaker and the language they speak. The aim of the research was to determine the connection between speaker recognition based on the auditory impression of their voice and speech, prior familiarity with the speaker, and knowledge of the language they speak. The sample consisted of 218 female students. An instrument was specially designed for the purposes of this research. Prior familiarity with the speaker was only associated with recognizing female English speaker, while statistical analysis did not confirm the significance of recognizing speakers based on whether the listeners knew the foreign language of the speakers. Given that the research findings did not consistently support the hypothesis regarding the connection between prior familiarity with the speaker and the language they speak, and the success of speaker identification, it is necessary for future research to focus on examining the connection between recognizing speakers and the acoustic characteristics of their voice and speech.
Exploring Subjective Perception of Safety in Public Spaces in Serbia: Insights from the European Social Survey
The perception of safety plays a crucial role in shaping individuals' interactions with their environment and can have significant implications for the prevalence and persistence of criminal activity within communities. Perceived unsafety can lead individuals to fear becoming victims of crime and can affect the willingness of individuals to report crimes to authorities. Furthermore, it can undermine social cohesion within communities by eroding trust and cooperation among residents. The subjective safety experience in public spaces is a multifaceted phenomenon influenced by various determinants. Using data from the European Social Survey Round 10, the paper aims to scrutinise the potential factors contributing to feelings of safety among respondents in Serbia. We focus on respondents' perceptions of safety in four regions (Belgrade, Vojvodina, Šumadija and West Serbia, and South and East Serbia) operationalised through the question "How safe do you – or would you - feel walking alone in your neighbourhood after dark?". By examining determinants such as age, gender, daily activity, area (rural or urban), social capital, interpersonal trust and perceived quality of society, this paper aims to shed light on the complexities of safety perception. The primary findings underscore the significance of individual vulnerability and social integration measures as critical indicators of safety perceptions in public spaces. The study highlighted notable regional variations in predictors of safety perceptions, emphasising the necessity of localised approaches to address safety concerns. By comprehensively understanding the determinants of subjective safety, policymakers and urban planners can develop targeted strategies to mitigate fear and enhance safety perceptions.
Copyright (c) 2024 NBP. Nauka, bezbednosti, policija
South Africa’s recent history has been marred by revelations of state capture, which came to the public fore, in part, because of the disclosures of whistleblowers. These whistleblowers enacted the role of the Night’s Watch, much like the eponymous military order in George R.R. Martin’s A Song of Ice and Fire high fantasy novels. Utilizing a qualitative approach encompassing two research methods, this paper establishes that whistleblowers protected South Africa alone like a fire burning against the cold, being subjected to various forms of retaliation. The frequency and severity of retaliation was the result of inadequate whistleblower protection legislation. In the absence of adequate legislation, it was civil society that interceded to provide the whistleblowers several forms of support. In light of these findings, this paper puts forward recommendations for the comprehensive shielding of South African whistleblowers. It proposes that it is necessary to revise whistleblower protection law by applying provisions from a number of effective global instruments. It also argues for the establishment of an independent state apparatus concerned with supporting whistleblowers and consolidating civil society efforts.
Confirmation Bias in Law Enforcement and How Debiasing Interventions and Mitigation Strategies Might Help Rebuild Public Trust: A Thematic Review
Purpose: This thematic review examines how confirmation bias impacts decision-making and investigative outcomes in law enforcement, aiming to identify strategies to mitigate these effects. By synthesizing existing research, this work highlights the challenges of confirmation bias and proposes practical interventions to improve fairness and accuracy in policing. Methods: Text and abstract searches were conducted using Google Scholar, Hein Law Journal Library, and the Ehrhorn Law Library. The focus was on studies examining decision-making, investigative outcomes, and methods to mitigate biases in law enforcement practices. This review followed established thematic review methodologies. Results: The literature search produced a variety of qualitative and quantitative studies. The impact of confirmation bias on decision-making, its effects on investigative outcomes, effective mitigation strategies, the role of organizational culture, and its influence on community relations were themes identified after analysis. Conclusions: This review shows the need for thorough research to validate the effectiveness of strategies designed to mitigate confirmation biases in law enforcement. Future studies should include a longitudinal focus on the impact of debiasing techniques, training programs, and organizational changes. Application in Law Enforcement: For law enforcement agencies, implementing targeted training programs, debiasing techniques, and decision-making models might improve equity and fairness concerning law enforcement practices. Addressing confirmation bias enhances investigative outcomes, builds community trust, and reinforces fairness when applying the law. Law enforcement agencies should consider adopting the strategies discussed in this review to promote more effective and ethical policing practices.
Sex-Specific Differences in Fit Between Two Different Types of Body Armour: A Pilot Study
Introduction: Body armour, whilst improving wearer survivability, can negatively impact physical performance and increase injury risk. These impacts may differ between male and female personnel due to the generic design of armour systems. The aim of this study was to assess sex-specific differences in comfort when wearing military (MBA) and law enforcement (LEBA) body armour. Methods: Using a prospective, within-subjects, repeated measures, randomized cross-over design, 10 police officers (female=6: male=4) wore each set of body armour. After completing a variety of tasks, officers provided feedback on a subjective mannequin sketch and provided free text comments. Results: The heavier MBA received more negative comments than LEBA. The majority of negative comments by female officers referred to: (a) discomfort around the throat and shoulders, particularly when seated (six comments), (b) the vest compressing the utility belt or holster (six comments); (c) compression of the stomach and back (two comments); (d) restrictions in breathing and range of motion (four comments), (e) reduced ability to perform tasks (two comments); and (f) ill-fitting design (two comments). In comparison, male officers reported: (a) discomfort around the shoulders and abdomen (five comments), particularly when seated (three of the five comments); and (b) hip discomfort (e.g., pinching) (two comments). Conclusion: Comfort and fit of body armour should not be considered the same between males and females. Industries need to consider these sex-specific differences in their research and design. Agencies should investigate potential differences between sexes and between systems when purchasing such systems.
Illegal Evidence in Criminal Proceedings: Collection of Evidence by Authorized Officials of Internal Affairs Bodies
The subject of the research is illegal evidence, i.e. the way in which authorized officials of the internal affairs authorities act, which may cause the illegality of the obtained evidence during the conducting evidential actions. The goal of the research is reflected in the scientific and practical contribution to the scientific and social community, since, in addition to the presentation and analysis of prominent scientific and theoretical concepts represented in domestic and foreign literature, the work contains a detailed presentation of the results of the analysis of judicial decisions of domestic courts, which gain particular importance having in the view that the institute of illegal evidence de facto represents judicial standards. Namely, the results indicate cases in which the court judged the evidence obtained by the police to be illegal, as well as cases in which, contrary to the claims of the legal remedy applicant, the court judged that the police did not act contrary to the legal norm when collecting evidence. In most cases, the following evidentiary actions are involved, provided for by the Criminal Procedure Code of Republic of Serbia: interrogation of the accused (Art. 85-90), investigation (Art. 133-136), temporary confiscation of items (Art. 147-151) and search (Art. 152 -160). In cases where the court still found that the evidence obtained by the police was illegal, it is not a question of a deliberate and gross violation of basic human rights and freedoms, that is, it is not a question of incriminated behavior of police officers, such as extorting a confession or abuse and torture.
Possibilities and Scope of Environmental Protection Through Criminal Law - the New Environmental Crime Directive
In a wider context of achieving European Green Deal objectives, seen through the prism of a new Environmental Crime Directive at the European Union level, the main purpose of this article is to examine, underline and prepare future changes within the national criminal law framework in terms of criminal law protection of the environment, so that it should be as efficient as possible, but at the same time constitute a rational system of criminal law provisions. The paper is divided in two main chapters.The first chapter deals with issues of criminal law protection of the environment, in general, the legitimacy of the environment as a separate protected value, the level of its social harmfulness and some nomotechnical characteristics of the relevant elements of the offences which need to fulfill common standards of their normative shaping. The second is dedicated to the structure, aims and goals of the new Environmental Crime Directive in fighting environmental crime, as a part of fulfilling processes of the European Green Deal. Changes in the area that defines new environmental crimes at the European Union level, minimum common standards in prescribing criminal sanctions, and enhancing the existing ones, as well as setting brand new tools and mechanisms in strengthening and enhancing the effectiveness of the law enforcement cooperation in the field of environmental crimes have been brought about by the new Environmental Crime Directive aimed to crack down on environmental crime, and they can be seen and marked as an important contribution to criminal law protection of the environment, but only seen as the ultimate instrument of the state reaction to environmental crimes. Even though environmental crimes have their negative impact on human health, safety and economics in general, they have to be realistically conceived and seen only as an ultima ratio societatis in protection of the environment.
The purpose of the study was to investigate the modus operandi of serial sex offenders. The main method of research was criminal profiling based on 50 cases in the Unified State Register of Court Decisions, for which the verdict was passed. A number of indicators were investigated, including the characteristic method of attack, the choice of the victim, the establishment of contact with the victim, and the method of committing the offence. As a result, it was established that criminals can be divided into two characteristic types according to modus operandi: the first type carries out a sudden attack or pursuit of the victim, is characterised by a violent method of attack, and the crime is often accompanied by bodily harm. The psycho-emotional portrait of attackers of this type is characterised by greater impulsivity and spontaneity of actions. The main motivation for committing a crime is to satisfy a sexual urge. Criminals of the second cluster tend to commit planned attacks, mostly indoors, establish contact with the victim, resort to manipulation and threats. They have a less pronounced passion and tend to plan crimes. The dominant motivation can be either sexual or the satisfaction of sadistic tendencies and dominance. This study focuses on the characteristic modus operandi and psychological characteristics of criminals who commit serial sexual offences. The results may be useful for specialists in the field of criminal law, criminology, forensic science, and forensic psychology.
Recognizing Domestic Violence Against Children by the Competent Police Officers
The paper shows some risk indicators for domestic violence against children, that are concern parents and indicators concern the children. Than it shows analysis of data/results on the sample od 46 competent police officers in Vojvodina with purpose of identification of those indicators. Eighty percent of respondents concider that most frequent risk indicator for violence against children is unfavourable parents behavior. Externalized problems in child behavior are risk indicator that appears always and indicate on violence, by the opinion of 48% respondents. The least present indicator, who appears rarely is sexualized child behaviour (estimated by 63% respondents), which is justified concidering that sexual child is estimated as the rarest form of violence against children. About half of the respondents chose child's exaggerated reaction when he do something wrong or when points out a mistake to him, as the most frequent indicator of child victim of psychological violence. Although data did not show statistically significant differences in results related to certificate for minors, of respondent concider that competent police officers should also have certificate for minors. As respondents pointed out this need as the biggest systemic complicating work factor in protection of children and as almost half of the officers (22) in this sample did not have this certificate, we point out opinion of autors, that competent police officers as well as police officers of general jurisdiction police, should be specially trained for working with minors, whether thay were victims or witnesses of domestic violence.
Gender Differences in Criminal Recidivism
Gender plays a crucial role in shaping the dynamics of criminal behavior and its recurrence within society. While the study of recidivism often focuses on general trends and risk factors, understanding how gender influences these patterns provides deeper insights into prevention and rehabilitation strategies. This article examines gender differences in criminal behavior and recidivism through a comprehensive review of existing literature, empirical analyses of recidivism data, and qualitative insights from stakeholders within the criminal justice system. It also provides a review of relevant literature, synthesizing theoretical perspectives and empirical findings on gender differences in criminal behavior. Understanding the pathways to recidivism requires considering the unique challenges faced by male and female offenders upon release from incarceration or supervision. For men, recidivism often stems from factors such as peer influence, substance abuse, and difficulties in finding stable employment, while women are more likely to experience recidivism due to issues such as trauma-related disorders, a lack of social support, and limited access to resources for mental health treatment or housing. Moreover, the reintegration process for female offenders is complicated by responsibilities such as childcare and family reunification, which can influence their likelihood of reoffending. These gender-specific pathways highlight the need for tailored intervention programs that address the underlying causes of criminal behavior and recidivism and provide support systems conducive to successful reintegration into society.