Učiteljski fakultet u Prizrenu - Leposavić
The Influence of the Educational Atmosphere on the Academic Achievement of Younger Elementary School Students
Abstract: The aim of this study was to systematically examine the impact of the educational atmosphere in primary schools on the academic achievement of younger grade students. The research was conducted on a sample of 35 teachers with significant pedagogical experience, of whom 94% were female, and over 60% had more than 15 years of teaching experience in primary education. The methodological approach included descriptive analysis and theoretical synthesis, using a survey as the primary data collection tool. The initial hypothesis posited that key elements of the educational climate in the school environment — including the quality of teaching and educational work, cooperation between school and family, continuous professional development of teachers, and fostering values such as tolerance and safety — positively correlate with students’ academic success. Results show that 87% of teachers believe that good cooperation with students, parents, and colleagues has the most significant impact on academic achievement, while 73% emphasize the importance of respecting the individuality of students. Conversely, only 45% consider that the school’s material and technical equipment has a direct influence on student success. These findings confirm that the school, in addition to its fundamental educational function, plays a crucial role in the upbringing and personal development of students. This study contributes to a deeper understanding of the interdisciplinary aspects of the educational atmosphere as a key factor in the quality of school education and encourages the integration of family and school educational strategies.
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Students' and Teachers' Views on the Levels and General Assessment of Student Participation in Educational Work in Secondary School
Extended summary: The specificities of culture and the conditions that determine it are significant for the characteristics of existing participatory processes of a society, which are reflected in the process of education and upbringing. Student participation in the educational process should teach students to express their opinions, respect others, choose between different options before making a decision, to seek, receive and give information in different ways, to cooperate in solving problems and take activities in all matters and actions that concern them. The pedagogical phenomenon of student participation is a problem that is being explored by researchers from different meridians, with the aim of deepening the level of student participation. The aim of the research is to examine the quality of existing student participation in secondary school, through the views of students and teachers on the most frequently represented levels of participation and (self-)assessment of the participation of manifested forms of student behavior. The research was conducted using a questionnaire containing the modified Hart Participation Scale. The results, processed with descriptive statistics and t-test, show that the most common level of student participation in regular classes is decoration, in extracurricular activities it is consultation and joint decision-making. There are significant differences in the assessment of the degree of representation of consultation with students, to which teachers assign higher values. In regular classes, as the next represented level of participation, students single out the level of manipulation, and teachers, significantly differently from students, consultation. Both students and teachers value student participation in the educational process as good. It is necessary to intensify the professional development of teachers in the domain of children's rights and competences for teaching and learning, supporting the development of students' personalities, communication and cooperation; to begin with, to reflect positive models of work from extracurricular activities into mandatory teaching work; to supplement them with actions that support the development of autonomy, in order to equip students for lifelong learning, civic and professional roles. Keywords: educational process in secondary school, students, participation, levels, overall assessment.
Working Environment in Rural Schools: Burnout Syndrome and Professional Stress – Differences Between Teachers Working in Single-Class and Multi-Class Classrooms
Агенда 2030 и Циљеви одрживог развоја (SDGs) наглашавају значај квалитетног образовања и улогу наставника у његовом остварењу. Наставници у руралним школама често се суочавају са специфичним изазовима у радној средини, што може прозроковати професионални стрес и синдром сагоријевања, те негативно утицати на њихове професионалне способности и академска постигнућа ученика. Циљ овог истраживања је да се испита разлика у радном окружењу, професионалном стресу и синдрому сагоријевања наставника који раде у једноразредним и вишеразредним одјељењима руралних школа Користио се упитник који се сатојао од података о социодемографским и радним карактеристикама, односу према раду, задовољству радним окружењем, професионалном стресу (Карасеков упитник) и синдрому сагоријевања ( Копенхаген упитник за испитивање синдрома сагоријевања). Учествовало је 225 наставника који раде у руралним школама у Републици Српској. У вишеразредним одјељењима, више од 60% наставника пријављује синдром сагијоревања, а у једноразредим око 48%. У обје групе настаника само мали проценат наставника пријављује професионални стрес (6% и 9%). Није доказана статистички значајна разлика између наставника у вишеразредним и једноразредним одељењима у погледу односа према раду. Утврђена је статистички значајне разлике у задовољству послом, активношћу и ангажманом ученика и напретком бивших ученика. Резултати истраживања показују да је индром ссагоревања присутан код значајног броја наставника у руралним школама, посебно код оних који раде у вишеразредним одељењима. Наставници у руралним школама генерално не пријављују висок ниво стреса, што може бити посљедица културолошких и социјалних фактора који утичу на начин перцепције и изражавања стреса. У цјелини, резултати указују да, иако наставници у вишеразредним одјељењима изражавају веће задовољство неким кључним аспектима наставе, попут професионалног испуњења и напретка ученика однос према раду и перцепција сопстевних компетенција је слична код наставника у вишеразредним и једноразредним одјењељима. Резултати овог истраживања могу имати значајан утицај на унапређење образовне политике и менаџмент школа у руралним подручјима, посебно у контексту подршке наставницима
Specific Difficulties in Reading and Writing in Early Primary Education: How to Recognize, Understand, and Support the Student
Specific difficulties in reading and writing, such as dyslexia and dysgraphia, are increasingly recognized as key factors affecting the education of students in the early grades of primary school. The aim of this review paper is to examine, based on the most recent literature, the definitions, symptoms, and educational implications of these difficulties, as well as to offer teachers practical guidelines for their timely identification and support within inclusive education. Special emphasis is placed on the role of speech and language therapists in the assessment and treatment process, as well as on the importance of individualized instruction. The paper also discusses basic strategies, highlights the significance of interdisciplinary collaboration, and points to the need for systemic support for teachers. It is emphasized that intensive speech and language therapy, professional development of teachers, and pedagogical flexibility are key prerequisites for the successful education of students with dyslexia and dysgraphia
Self-Assessments of Moral Development Levels in Primary School Students in Relation to Their Sociopedagogical Characteristics
Moral development in primary school students represents a fundamental aspect of their overall development, shaping how children understand the concepts of good, evil, justice, respect, and responsibility. During their primary school years, students undergo significant changes in their thinking, behavior, and social relationships, which are largely influenced by their immediate environment—family, school, peers, and the broader community. The goal of this study is to determine whether there is a difference in the level of moral development among students based on their socio-educational characteristics. These characteristics include the student's gender and the grade level they are attending.The research was conducted with a sample of 1,203 students from the eighth and ninth grades of primary schools in the city of Banja Luka. Data were collected using the Moral Development Level Scale (MDLS), which was specifically designed for the purpose of this research. The results revealed a statistically significant difference in favor of female students when it comes to self-assessment of their moral development level. While students in lower grades performed better, the differences were not statistically significant. These findings are important for guiding future educational practices and further studies on the moral development of children.Moral development in children plays a crucial role in their overall growth and maturation, influencing their ability to navigate social situations, interact with others, and make ethical decisions. As students transition through the primary school years, their moral reasoning becomes increasingly sophisticated, influenced by both internal factors, such as cognitive growth, and external factors, such as the values imparted by teachers, family members, and peers.The family plays an essential role in shaping the moral foundations of children, as it is the first environment where children learn the values and norms that guide their behavior. However, schools also serve as a critical context for moral development, providing students with opportunities to engage with peers from diverse backgrounds, resolve conflicts, and experience different perspectives. Teachers, as role models and facilitators of learning, are crucial in helping students navigate moral dilemmas and guiding them toward making responsible and ethical choices. The findings of this study have significant implications for the design of educational practices aimed at promoting moral development. Understanding the factors that influence moral growth in students, such as gender and grade level, can help educators tailor their approaches to better meet the needs of diverse student populations. Additionally, these results highlight the importance of continuing research in this area to better understand the complex processes involved in moral development and to identify effective strategies for supporting students' moral growth throughout their educational journey. In conclusion, moral development is a vital aspect of a child’s overall education and personal growth. The results of this study contribute valuable insights into how moral development can be influenced by various socio-educational factors and provide a basis for further research and educational practice aimed at fostering ethical values in children
A Manual for Learning Serbian as a Foreign Language from the Pen of a Lecturer: A Case Study of the Private School “Go Speak Serbian”
The subject of this paper is an analysis of the manual Worksheet Booklet: Serbian Study Materials for All 3 Levels, published by the private school “Go Speak Serbianˮ. Тhe aim is to provide a clearer assessment of its quality and its place in contemporary Serbian as a foreign language instruction. The study employs the method of theoretical analysis combined with content analysis. The research has shown that the manual is designed as a workbook comprising fifty lessons, each dedicated to alternating grammatical exercises, vocabulary expansion, and the exploration of cultural aspects of life in Serbian-speaking regions. The manual is neither catalogued nor peer-reviewed, yet its quality nonetheless warrants the attention of instructors. There is no doubt that, through its content and didactic-methodological approach, it represents a valuable teaching resource that: 1) Enriches Serbian as a foreign language instruction, 2) Demonstrates the professional competence and dedication of its authors, and 3) Reflects the development of Serbian as a foreign language pedagogy–considering that, in the past, it was nearly unthinkable for two or three authors to independently conceive, prepare, and publish such a manual.
Possibilities for motivation in the introduction of Serbian Language lessons in lower primary school grades and the importance of the teacher's personality in shaping the students' character
Motivation is a key factor in the educational process, especially in Serbian language classes, which involve creative production and shaping of students' character. Successful motivation entails a balanced application of both intrinsic (internal) and extrinsic (external) incentives. Students who are driven by internal motivators, such as curiosity and enthusiasm, demonstrate a higher degree of independence in learning but still require teacher support in the form of praise and positive feedback. External incentives, such as verbal encouragement and praise, play a crucial role in the development of younger students, but they must be balanced with intrinsic motivations to foster a lasting interest in learning. The teacher's personality is of particular importance in the motivation process, as the teacher's attitude, methods, and approach directly influence the development of students' self-confidence and autonomy. The teacher’s understanding of students’ needs, along with the ability to create a creative and stimulating atmosphere, contributes to shaping the students' character in line with educational and developmental goals. The environment in which this process takes place—including school, family, and community—also plays a significant role in motivation, especially by promoting intercultural values and fostering a collaborative atmosphere in the classroom.
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CHALLENGES IN MODERN INTERPRETATION OF LITERATURE FOR CHILDREN AND YOUNG PEOPLE
SPEECH DISORDER MEDIATOR IN INTERPERSONAL COMMUNICATION
A speech disorder, in general, means all disturbances in speech functioning that disrupt verbal communication in any way, regardless of what they are caused by and how they manifest. It is usually considered that a speech disorder does not represent a "severe pathology". Bearing in mind that verbal communication is a complex psycho-social phenomenon, it can affect the functioning of an individual in the psycho-social field. However, in the psychological and psychiatric literature, the study of this problem is given marginal importance, so the interest in them is quite superficial. A speech disorder such as impaired articulation and fluency gives any clearly formed message by the speaker a "new look" that impairs its clarity on the way to the interlocutor. Speech distortion is a disturbing factor in the communicative process and can be presented hierarchically depending on the degree of disturbed production. Advancement of knowledge in this field is needed above all in terms of scientific and practical action in connection with speech and language disorders. Research should indicate the importance of adequate diagnostic procedures that contribute to the improvement of therapeutic procedures as well as the prevention of communicative disorders and disorders.
The importance of oral praxis in the development of speech sounds in preschool
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</xml><![endif]--><!-- [if gte mso 10]> <![endif]--> Articulation refers to the correct pronunciation of the sounds of the native language. The production of intelligible speech requires fine coordination and precision of oral muscle movements. Given that the efficient activity of the orofacial muscles is crucial for proper articulation, the aim of this study was to determine the correlation between the inability to perform certain motor patterns and the incorrect pronunciation of sounds. The sample consisted of 63 children of both genders, aged 4 to 6 years. Oral Praxis Test and the Global Articulation Test were used. The research was conducted at the “Čika Jova Zmaj” kindergarten in Foča during November 2023. The results of the study show a significant correlation between the inability to perform the motor pattern of “chattering” and the pronunciation of the sound Š (Cramér's V = 0.009), the sound Ž (Cramér's V = 0.049), the sound DŽ (Cramér's V = 0.014), the sound Ć (Cramér's V = 0.017), and the sound C (Cramér's V = 0.008), as well as between the inability to perform the motor pattern of tongue fluttering and the incorrect pronunciation of the sound R (Cramér's V = 0.047). It was also found that an alarmingly high percentage (68.3%) of preschool children have articulation disorders. Keywords: articulation, oral praxis, preschool children
SAINT SAVA'S CELEBRATION OF SERBIAN SCHOOLS IN THE BITOL VILAYET FROM 1898 TO 1912
Summary: The paper is about the Svetosava celebrations of Serbian schools in the Bitola province in the period from 1898 to 1912 and the impact of those celebrations on preserving tradition, raising national awareness and maintaining the basic spiritual values ​​of the Serbian people in this area. After the closure of Serbian schools and the expulsion of teachers during the Great Eastern Crisis, permission for their reopening in the Bitola Province was obtained only in March 1897. The Serbian people celebrated all Christian holidays and thus raised their national spirit. Of all the festivities, those dedicated to the first Serbian archbishop, enlightener and teacher St. Sava stood out. We tried to describe the program and the way of celebrating this extremely important date of Serbian history based on preserved archival material, reports of correspondents of the Constantinople Herald and relevant literature. These celebrations showed that the cultural life of the Serbs in Turkey had not died down. In these celebrations and keeping other traditions, the Serbian people looked for hope that was taken from them from all sides. On the basis of the mentioned documents, it can be concluded that the Saint Sava cult was very strong among the Serbian population in the Bitola province, despite the opposition of the Turkish authorities and the pressures of the Bulgarian exarchate established in this territory. Non-recognition of Serbian nationality and pressure from all sides united Serbs in order to defend and preserve their customs. Saint Sava celebrations in Serbian schools in the Bitola province are a confirmation of the Serbian population's awareness of its roots and existence. The desire of the Serbian population to mark this holiday as worthy as possible represents its quiet but persistent resistance to imposed problems. The diversity in solving problems showed its spiritual strength and vitality even after centuries of stay under Turkish rule.
PEDAGOGICAL APPROACHES THAT CONNECT MUSIC AND MATHEMATICS
Summary: The starting point of the publication is considering methods of music education that potentiate an early music stimulation and the possibility of their implementation and integration in the formation and development of initial mathematical concepts. Aspiration to connect two seemingly incompatible disciplines, music and maths, opens questions whose goal is to find adequate pedagogical approaches that would be in the function of music and mathematics education and achievement, but also the overall development of children. Applying the method of theoretical analysis, a comparison was made among different conceptual approaches, the results of the conducted research and the authors’ conclusions. After considering the aforementioned questions, it was concluded that the considered methods emphasize the importance of an early development in the formation of a person and start from the premise that the potential and the environment enable the children to build themselves. Organising an environment that allows children the freedom by acting through organised and spontaneous activities in kindergarten and school can contribute to children’s musical and mathematical development. Also, connecting musical and mathematical contents with each other, as well as conecting them with everyday activities and setting learning situations in a context that is close and familiar to children, and with the contents of other areas of education and upbringing, provides the basis for successful learning of music and mathematics. Pedagogical implications are contained in aforementioned recommendations for a proper approach to connecting musical and mathematical content and creating a stimulating environment. Future research should be focused on examining and improving the competencies of professionals – teachers and nursery-school teachers, which would be in the function of music and mathematics education and achievement, but also the overall development of children.
Application of Artificial Intelligence in Education – Chatbot ChatGPT
The rapid advancement of artificial intelligence and natural language processing has led to the development of increasingly sophisticated and versatile language models. AI models can create new data based on patterns and structures learned from existing data. These models are capable of generating content across various domains, such as text, images, music, video, and more. Generative AI models rely on machine learning techniques and neural networks to analyze, understand, and generate content that closely resembles human-generated output. Among them, ChatGPT, an AI chatbot developed by OpenAI, has emerged as a powerful tool with a wide range of applications across different fields. In recent years, the scientific and academic communities have devoted significant attention to researching and developing the ChatGPT chatbot. According to Google Scholar, by November 2024, over 212,000 articles have been published on ChatGPT in various journals and conferences of national and international significance. The growing development of the ChatGPT chatbot is set to significantly reshape the education market and raises concerns within the academic community about how future generations should be taught. For example, this technology can be used to efficiently write articles or essays in a matter of seconds, potentially eliminating the need for human intervention. This paper will provide a literature review on the potential application of the ChatGPT chatbot in teaching, key challenges, and risks associated with its use in education. The use of chatbots like ChatGPT and other AI models in education is a field of research that offers many opportunities to improve the learning experience for students and support teachers. However, to unlock their full educational potential, it is crucial to approach
Comparative Analysis of Reading Comprehension in Educational Systems of Dinaric Region
Educational systems around the world are continuously improving their policies and strategic documents, aiming to improve the curricula. The same approach can be noticed in the countries of so called “Dinaric region” (Western Balkan countries + Croatia + Slovenia). One of the most common strategic direction is work on development of students' language literacy. It is implemented through teachers work, but it must be evaluated through testing of student achievements at national level and through international educational studies, as PIRLS. The aim of this research paper is to explore the possibilities how national curriculums in in six educational systems of dinaric countries deals with language literacy and the development of reading skills. We also compare those curricula and try to find the reasons that may also affect students achievement. Despite the conclusion that time recommended mother language classes in dinaric countries is similar and within the limits of the average time in other European countries, teaching effects are not the same.
Inclusion in Education and Hearing Impairment
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtle Reference"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Reference"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" Name="Bibliography"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/> </w:LatentStyles> </xml><![endif]--><!-- [if gte mso 10]> <![endif]--> Throughout history, the education of those who are deaf or hard of hearing has undergone significant changes. In recent times, there is a growing shift towards inclusive education. In recent times, there is a increasing shift towards inclusive education, emphasizing equal opportunities and tailored support for deaf students. This paper provides a bibliometric analysis of the literature on inclusion in deaf education, identifying key trends and areas for further research. The Dimensions database was chosen and data were analyzed using the VOSviewer software tool. Four clusters of most co-occurening word was found. The largest is the green cluster, where the most frequently repeated words are "deaf student," "language," "bilingual education," and "perspective." In the blue cluster, the most prominent nodes are the words "deaf," "sign language," "interview," "class," and "literature." In the red cluster, the most common words are "disability," "community," and "university." The yellow cluster is the smallest and consists of only a few words, where the most common ones are "family," "professional," and "age." Researchers should conduct more studies on how technology can be incorporated into inclusive education for deaf students. It is crucial to focus on creating innovative assistive devices that can improve these students' access to information and their ability to communicate effectively. Future researchers should continue to work in collaboration with individuals with hearing impairment to ensure that their experiences, needs, and perspectives are central to research and development of inclusive practices in education.
The Relationship of Developmental Disorder of Articulation and Oral Praxis
Articulation disorder is a developmental disorder that manifests itself in the early development period. It can arise due to a primary disorder such as anatomical deviations and sensory disorders, but they can also exist without any clear cause as a specific articulation disorder, most often related to the immaturity of oral praxis. The aim of the work is to determine the frequency of articulation disorders and its relationship with oral praxis in preschool children. The sample consisted of children of preschool age, of both sexes, with typical development (N=60). The quality of voice pronunciation was determined based on the Triage Articulation Test, while oral praxis was examined using the Oral Praxis Test. It was found that a large number of the examined children have a disorder in the pronunciation of one voice or several voices. A statistically significant correlation was found between immature oral praxis and articulation disorders (ρ=0.364; p=0.004). Although there is a significant association between articulation disorder and immature oral praxis, without evaluating other possible causes, it cannot be confidently asserted that immature oral praxis is the cause of developmental articulation disorder.
Effects of Integrative Teaching Method on Nature and Society Lessons for Students of the Fourth Grade of Primary School from the Kosovo and Metohija
Abstract: This paper examines the impact of integrative teaching methods on student knowledge. The study incorporated an ecological approach to nature and society education intertwined with elements of art and culture. Conducted over two months from October to December 2021, the research involved 67 students from three schools in North and Central Kosovo and Metohija. Predominantly comprising girls (62.7%) and excellent students (62.7%), with the highest grades in the subject of Nature and Society (80.60%), the experimental design included an initial test, followed by two months of integrative teaching, and concluded with a final test. Both tests featured comparable question quantity and difficulty. The findings indicate improved performance among students in the final test, encompassing aspects of Reproduction, Comprehension, and Application.
Nature-conforming Education as a Scientific Phenomenon
The article actualizes the idea of naturalness in the context of modern pedagogical theory and educational practice. The article characterizes the peculiarities of ideas about the conformity of nature from the standpoint of three dimensions: pedagogical, historical, pedagogical and general scientific. The essence of nature-based education is revealed and its distinctive features are revealed in the system of pedagogical concepts and ideologically close pedagogical directions, such as folk, free, natural, personality-oriented, health-saving, ecological, noospheric education. The content and semantic multidimensionality of the pedagogical phenomenon and the relevance of its ideas in the context of new challenges of modernity are determined. The article substantiates the role of nature-based education in activating the human factor, stimulating environmental, resource-saving thinking and behavior of the younger generation and contributing to the formation of an integral and harmonious personality capable of creative creation and self-realization in conditions of uncertainty and complexity of the external environment.
Psychological Problems of Children and Young People in the Digital World
In the modern world, the influence of the Internet and information technologies is very large, and the age limit of users is getting lower and lower. For this reason, the issue of impact on children's development and behavior is fully expected. The views of scientists and the public are divided, and the more new media communications develop, the more evidence there is of their negative impact. The aim of the paper is to review the basic characteristics of the influence of the Internet, computer games and other media on children and young people, as well as the psychological problems that may arise. It is even considered that excessive use of modern communication technology contributes to changing our traditional, immediate interpersonal relationships, partnership, peer and parent-child relationships, which are being damaged. This can contribute to the emergence of new "role models" found on the Internet because the Internet, television and other media shape the psyche of modern children who spend 5 to 10 times more with them than in activities with their parents. Today's young people who are on the Internet for hours every day often do not know how to listen to each other, they are impatient to express what they want. They lack essential social skills to navigate the real social environment because they do not have enough opportunities to develop the power of empathy in direct contact with their loved ones. Instead of live chat, they exchange messages and pictures. Digital violence is particularly widespread on social networks among young people and children, precisely because they do not have developed empathy, emotional and social intelligence, and therefore are not aware of the consequences of their inappropriate social behavior on other people. Digital communication is fast and efficient for the exchange of information, it brings many conveniences in everyday life and work, but it lacks immediacy and monitoring the feedback of the interlocutors, both verbal and non-verbal. And precisely that feedback (interlocutor's signals) is essential in modeling human-quality communication and building healthy relationships.
Mathematics concept building with didactic games in a GeoGebra-empowered environment
In this study, we examine how GeoGebra software can be used for organizing a game-based learning environment and its impact on fraction concept building and the students’ understanding of the concept. The learning/instruction process was organized in two groups of 9 to 10 years old students. The experimental group was offered GeoGebra game-like applets and the learning process was based on them. The control group students learned the same subject material in a more traditional fashion. Students’ understanding of the concept was assessed using results of regular tests they enrolled in the same environments they were learning. According to the results, the experimental group students demonstrated better understanding of the concepts, and the difference is statistically significant. This implies that GeoGebra software combined with the game-based learning can give better results in building and understanding fractions at initial stages.
Copyright (c) 2023 Obrazovanje i vaspitanje
Experience with Using BBC Micro:Bit in teaching
Abstract:Micro:bit is a new learning device that makes it easy to learn programming and electronics. This device enables the development of logical thinking, problem solving skills and digital literacy in students in general. Using the micro:bit enables relatively easy programming in different programming environments on different computers and mobile phones. Additional functionalities of the micro:bit are achieved by extending it with special elements. The research was conducted in a primary school in the Republic of Serbia. The students were divided into a control and an experimental group, with the students in the experimental group using the micro:bit device. The results of the work show that the use of the micro:bit in class has a positive effect on the students' performance in the subject „Technique and Technology“ for the lesson „Managing processes and things remotely using information and communication technologies“. In addition, the students' thoughts about the use of the micro:bit in class were revealed.
Dominant Syntactic Features in the Red Planet by Goran Korunović
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</xml><![endif]--><!-- [if gte mso 10]> <![endif]-->The text provides an analysis of the dominant syntactic features in the poetry book Red Planet by Goran Korunović, one of the most notable contemporary Serbian poets. The analysis of the text has revealed that in the prose fragments, sentence simplicity is achieved through the use of specific sentence types based on meaning, realized through coordinating relationships within communicative sentences, employed dependent clauses, and predicate actualization. Furthermore, the prose text lacks extensive syntagms, sentence condensers, and interpolation and inversion of sentence constituents demanding for reception. In the poetic section of the Red Planet, there is a slight change in syntactic composition: more demanding sentence constructions, an interweaving of multiple dependent clauses, and occasional verb condensers, appositives, and more complex syntagms occur. These mentioned aspects of syntactic shaping are closely related to the semantic layer of the text, suggesting the immediacy of the narrator's discourse, a sense of emotional distance, and perceptual limitations in encountering a new and different world. Additionally, subtle deviations from the uniform prevailing syntactic groundwork are derived, conveying the quality of the narrator's consciousness and the procedural nature of the events in which they participate and unfold within them. All of the above demonstrates the skilful and artistically relevant shaping of the world of the Red Planet, one of the most remarkable works in contemporary Serbian literature.
SPIRITUAL DEATH AS THE INDIVIDUALIZED FATE OF THE CHARACTERS IN THE STORIES OF A. P. CHEKHOV AND LAZA K. LAZAREVIĆ
Abstract: The main research object of this study was to examine the spiritual death of the hero, perceived as a theme and the individualized fate of the characters in the short stories of A. P. Chekhov and Laze K. Lazarevic. In the introductory part of the study, we point out that medical, philosophical and literary interpretations of thanatology and thanatological motives are closely related to the concept of the spiritual death of the hero. In the central part of the work, the concept of spiritual death is first explained as an incurable state of neurosis, depression, stress and post-traumatic conditions, which contribute to the emergence of depersonalization, derealization and chronic depression disorders.The second part of the central part of the paper provides an insight into specific examples of heroes to whom the concept of spiritual death can be linked in the stories of Chekhov and Lazarevic. In the final part, the similarities and differences in the story-telling process of the two authors are pointed out, when the topic of spiritual death as the fate of the hero is in question.
Fable, scenical structure and its usage in teaching
Summari Тhis paper focuses on the study of the fable as a literary genre and its importance in teaching. A fable is a short story that usually uses personified animals to convey a moral lesson or life wisdom. It combines simple form, dramatic structure and specific style to effectively convey its message. The fable has a long history and its origins go back thousands of years. Over the centuries, fables have evolved and changed, but they have retained their basic characteristics. Their popularity has remained high because of their ability to entertain, educate and provoke thought among readers. The dramatic structure of a fable includes an introduction, a plot, a climax and a denouement.In the introduction, the characters are introduced and the basic situation is set. The plot brings a conflict or problem that is resolved during the climax, and the denouement brings the moral or conclusion of the story. Fables are known for their simplicity, aphorism, and use of allegories. Their style is characterized by clarity, conciseness and dialogic expression. Fables often use the personification of animals to get closer to the readers and make it easier to understand the moral lesson. In teaching, fables play an important role in the education and moral development of students. Through reading and analyzing fables, students can develop critical thinking, moral values, empathy and language skills.Fables can be used as a tool for discussion, essay writing, dramatization or illustration, thus encouraging creativity and active participation of students. Keywords: fable, moral lesson, style and form of fable, fable in teaching
FORMING OF IDENTITY IN THE PROCESS OF INCLUSIVE EDUCATION
Abstract: The identity represents the feeling of wholeness of the personality despite the changes in the personality itself and around it. Generally, we can conclude about existing of the personal and social identity- self-concept about oneself as the unique personality in the group to which it belongs or perception of oneself in the context of mutual with the members of it`s group as with differences in relations to other groups. Individualsposses many different individual and social identities depending on the importance of some social group for it in given moment. Forming of the identity is the process which begins in the childhood, even it is the most intensive in the period of adolescence. The special significance in forming of the identity have persons from the closest child`s environment, primary family, then other agents of the socialization as preschool and school teachers, peers, mas medias ect. Inclusive education refers to work with children with special needs which implies social inclusion. Child enters to different social relationships which influence on their personal and social identity. Peer`s groups in the kindergartens, classes in schools represent specific social communities which perform their social roles. Educational institutions relay on mutual values and patterns and help children to relate to each other in the meaningful way and to the society as a whole. The central question is what inclusion means to the individual. As the identity is relied on the self-concept, and it is mainly formed based on the picture that others have about us, acceptance of the child with special needs by other children influence to the elements of identity which is in formatting. There, the aim of this article is the analysis of the potentials of the social relationships’ role in the process of inclusive education on forming of the identity and its consequences as self-respect, feeling of self-efficiency, adequate relationships with others ect.