Sažetak
Postizanje dobrog ekološkog i hemijskog statusa voda predstavlja najvažniji cilj okvirne direktive 2000/60/EC, što podrazumeva poštovanje standarda kvaliteta voda na nivou celog sliva (2008/105/EC i 2013/39/EC). Ovo se, između ostalog, odnosi i na kontrolu prisustva ostataka pesticida u površinskim vodama. Da bi se ovo postiglo, neophodno je sprovođenje kontinuiranog monitoring programa koji treba da obezbedi sveobuhvatan i međusobno povezan pregled statusa voda, što zahteva primenu odgovarajućih tehnika analize. Do sada, procedura za uzorkovanje i kvantifikaciju rezidualnih količina pesticida u vodenoj sredini bazirala se na primeni tradicionalnih tehnika uzorkovanja, koje podrazumevaju periodična uzimanja pojedinačnih uzoraka. Međutim, ovakav tip uzorkovanja pruža samo trenutnu sliku stanja u pogledu prisustva polutanata u vodi. Da bi se prevazišli nedostaci, moguće je povećati frekvenciju pojedinačnih uzorkovanja ili koristiti automatske, on-line, monitoring sisteme. Oba ova rešenja su izuzetno skupa i nepraktična; podrazumevaju dugotrajan proces rada, izbor odgovarajućeg lokaliteta, itd. U novije vreme, kao alternativa, u primenu se uvodi tehnika pasivnog uzorkovanja polutanata u vodi, uključujući pesticide. Ovu savremenu tehniku, pored jednostavnosti konstrukcije i rukovanja, karakteriše niska cena i mogućnost višestruke upotrebe. U osnovi tehnike je akumuliranje analita u odgovarajućem sorpcionom materijalu unutar uređaja za pasivno uzorkovanje. Zavisno od vrste jedinjenja, za uzorkovanje pesticida u površinskim vodama dostupni su različiti uzorkivači. Sama tehnika zasniva se na postavljanju uređaja u vodenu sredinu u dužem vremenskom periodu, koji varira od nekoliko dana do više nedelja, zavisno od vrste jedinjenja. Na ovaj način se kao rezultat dobijaju prosečne koncentracije polutanata rastvorenih u vodi tokom određenog vremenskog perioda (time-weighted average concentrations, TWA), što omogućava praćenje trenda prostornih i sezonskih varijacija. Takođe, primena ovih tehnika dovodi do porasta osetljivosti analitičkih metoda, imajući u vidu da se unutar sorpcionog medijuma odvija prekoncentrovanje analita. Međutim, da bi tehnika bila primenjena za određivanje koncentracije pesticida u realnim uslovima vodene sredine,
neophodno je odrediti vrednost stope uzorkovanja (Rs), specifične za svako jedinjenja. Rs se dobija laboratorijskom ili in-situ kalibracijom uređaja za pasivno uzorkovanje.
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