Politeia - Naučni časopis Fakulteta političkih nauka Univerziteta u Banjoj Luci za društvena pitanja
Fakultet političkih nauka Univerziteta u Banjoj Luci, BiH i Institut za političke studije, Beograd, Srbija
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Review of the book ideology of Sameness
Joseph Nye, Soft Power and Great-Power Competition – Shifting Sands in the Balance of Power Between the United States and China, Springer, 2023.
(PARA)MILITARY UNIT »BLACK CORPS« (»AZOV«) AS THE MOST FAMOUS POLITICAL-MILITARY EXPRESSION OF EXTREME UKRAINIAN NATIONALISM
After Ukraine gained independence in 1991 and a period of long-term equidistance between the East and West, Ukrainian politics definitively turned towards the West in the period after the »Maidan« events in the winter of 2013/14, when pro-Western – liberal, but also nationalist political forces willing to separate Ukraine from the Russian Federation in every respect came to power (for the second time). This was also the beginning of open tensions with the Russian Federation, and then came the Russian annexation of Crimea and the beginning of military conflicts in the Luhansk and Donetsk regions. The newly declared policy of Ukraine, led by Ukrainian liberal and right-wing politicians, was the »decommunization of the country« and the »nationalization of the nation«, which opened a wide space for extreme right-wing Ukrainian political movements and paramilitary groups, among which over time the most exposed one became the Kharkiv group Black Corps (later the battalion, the Azov regiment and finally the brigade ‒ the Twelfth Brigade of the National Guard, or the Third Independent Brigade of the Armed Forces of Ukraine). The aim of this paper is to systematize the previous knowledge, i. e. to present the history, ideology and activities of the (para)military unit „Black Corps” (later »Azov«), as the paradigm of the (para)military-political form of developing the contemporary extreme Ukrainian nationalism.
THE ILLUSION: AN OLD–NEW FORM OF IDEOLOGY IN THE SERVICE OF GOOD OR EVIL
The Illusion occupies a central place in the human quest for meaning, shaping the ways in which we perceive, interpret, and act upon the world. It is neither purely deceptive nor inherently liberating, but a dynamic interplay between construction and concealment. By creating symbolic frameworks, illusions allow us to transform uncertainty into coherence and chaos into orientation. Yet, the same force that sustains hope and collective identity can also distort reality, preserve power hierarchies, and silence alternative perspectives. Within contemporary societies — increasingly defined by media saturation, digital hyperreality, and fragmented truths — the role of illusion becomes even more complex and urgent. Understanding its double-edged nature is not a matter of rejecting illusions altogether, but of discerning when they serve life, creativity, and freedom, and when they become instruments of manipulation, control, and existential detachment.
MIGRATION TOWARD EUROPE IN THE CONTEXT OF SAMUEL HUNTINGTON’S CLASH OF CIVILIZATIONS THEORY
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6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 6"/> </w:LatentStyles> </xml><![endif]--><!-- [if gte mso 10]> <![endif]-->The article examines the phenomenon of mass migration of millions of people from African and Asian countries to Europe through the lens of Samuel Huntington’s theory of the clash of civilizations. The emphasis is placed on the security dimension of these processes and their potential to transform the countries of contemporary Western Europe within Huntington’s categorization of state types. The paper primarily focuses on the relationship between Western and Islamic civilizations, as defined by Huntington. The differing perceptions of migration in Eastern and Western Europe highlight Western Europe as the area most exposed to transformation driven by migration. By observing demographic trends among the indigenous European population and incoming migrant communities, along with demographic developments within Muslim countries, the article underscores the potential for the most significant Western European countries to transition from clearly defined members of Western civilization to the category of “cleft” and “torn” states. At the same time, the text also emphasizes the importance of individuals as carriers of identity, recognizing in that context a reciprocal link between the transitional processes at the state level, as formulated by Huntington, and the migratory movements and demographic trends of the migrant population. The conclusion stresses the importance of demography in Huntington’s theory of civilizations, as the demographic presence and strength ultimately determine both the borders of a state within a given civilization and the scope of the civilization itself.
ON THE IMPORTANCE OF INTUITIONS IN POLITICAL PROCESSES IN THE AGE OF POLITICAL APATHY
The paper explores the theoretical importance of intuitions in political processes, especially in the moments when there is a crisis in the reproduction of the dominant social norms. In this regard, particular attention is paid to the fact that today’s social institutions and conventional political organizations have largely lost their authority, which in turn has led to political apathy and the rise of post-political attitudes. Political intuitions, often based on experience and unconscious associations, can therefore play the key role in radical forms of democracy, most notably in times of crisis. The paper focuses on the difference between everyday political intuitions and intuitions about politics, emphasizing their importance in shaping public discourse and political decisions.
THE ATTITUDE OF YOUNG PEOPLE IN BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA TOWARDS DIGITAL CONTENT - BETWEEN VIRTUAL AND REAL REALITY
Young people in Bosnia and Herzegovina (BiH), members of Generation Z, most often get their information through digital media, i.e. social networks, mostly choosing entertaining, interesting and humorous content. Social networks are their first choice for information and they spend most of their free time with them. The focus of the paper is on digital media content that young people often use. The aim of the paper is to identify specific internet portals, social network accounts, influential individuals or groups that young people follow and whose content they consume the most. The results collected using the survey method using an online questionnaire indicate that young people in BiH visit the following internet portals the most: Nezavisne.com, Klix.ba, Rtrs.tv, while on social networks they most often follow the accounts of influencers and celebrities. Also, most young people do not distinguish between internet portals and social network accounts. Their favorite influencers or YouTubers are: Zorana Jovanović, Anja Blagojević, Adriana Džehverović and Baka Prase. It is concluded that young people in BaH do not often use digital media and social networks in a productive way and that they lack adequate media and information literacy skills to use the capacity of digital media for education, personal development, assistance in learning or navigating everyday life.
(UN)MEASURABILITY OF VIOLENCE: THE LIMITS OF QUANTIFYING VIOLENCE IN CONTEMPORARY SOCIETIES
<p style="margin: 0px 0px 12px; text-align: justify; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-stretch: normal; font-size: 11px; line-height: normal; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size-adjust: none; font-kerning: auto; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variant-emoji: normal; font-feature-settings: normal; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-variation-settings: normal;">The central topic of this paper is to theoretically examine the issue of measuring violence in societies, with the aim of addressing the question whether violence in society can be measured at all. In line with this aim, the paper presents the fundamental challenges related to defining and classifying violence, as well as the established methods for measuring violence and their limitations. There is no single, universally accepted definition or typology of violence; they both depend on various cultural, ideological, and political factors. What all definitions share, however, is the recognition that violence results in different forms of injuries or the killings of individuals. A particularly controversial form of violence is the invisible, or structural violence, which—due to the scope of its consequences—should not be excluded from analyses attempting to assess levels of violence in societies, yet it often is. For this reason, the paper draws significantly on Galtung’s theory of structural violence. The main premise of this paper is that measuring violence in a society cannot be done precisely, as significant limitations persist. Some of these include: (1) the general problem of quantifying social phenomena; (2) determining what should be considered as violence and what is relevant for measurement; (3) less visible forms of violence, such as structural violence and domestic violence; (4) limitations in the recording of violent incidents; and (5) spatial and temporal constraints. Accordingly, the goal of this paper is to encourage reflection on which indicators—beyond the commonly used ones, such as homicide rate—should be taken into account when assessing the level of violence within a society.
POLITICAL PARTICIPATION AND TRUST OF YOUTH IN SERBIA AND THE REPUBLIC OF SRPSKA IN POLITICAL INSTITUTIONS
This paper examines the level of political trust and patterns of political participation among young people in Serbia and the Republic of Srpska, focusing on members of Generation Z. Using a mixed-method approach and a sample of 555 respondents, the study analyzes key dimensions of political culture, including media literacy, political involvement, cynicism, anomie, institutional trust, authoritarian tendencies, and attitudes toward national symbols. The findings reveal a strikingly low level of trust in essential political institutions—government, parliament, presidency, judiciary, and political parties—despite a relatively high rate of electoral participation. Most young people believe that political parties do not represent citizens’ interests, that media are not reliable sources of information, and that individuals have no real possibility to influence political decision-making. Although Generation Z shows strong attachment to national symbols and displays tolerance toward diversity, there is a growing sense of political cynicism, marginalization, and dissatisfaction with traditional democratic institutions for failing to meet the expectations of young people. The results point to a structural crisis of political legitimacy and emphasize the need for new mechanisms to meaningfully integrate young people into political processes. Strengthening the institutional trust of Generation Z emerges as a key prerequisite for democratic consolidation.
FROM THE PHILOSOPHY TO THE SOCIOLOGY OF WORK
Review of the book Lars Fr. H. Svendsen – Philosophy of Work (trans. Radoš Kosović), Geopoetika Publishing, Belgrade, 2012, p. 156.
ELLUL'S THESIS ON THE MOBILIZING ROLE OF POLITICAL PERSUASION THROUGH THE PERSPECTIVE OF NEURAL BASIS OF MOTIVATED REASONING
<p style="margin: 0px 0px 12px; text-align: justify; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-width: normal; font-size: 11px; line-height: normal; font-family: Times; font-size-adjust: none; font-kerning: auto; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variant-emoji: normal; font-feature-settings: normal; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-variation-settings: normal; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-color: #000000;">The thesis of Jacques Ellul—that successful political persuasion is focused primarily on influencing behavior rather than attitudes—is examined in this work from the perspective of neuroscience and the findings of a neuroscientific experiment conducted by Drew Westen. Specifically, by exploring the neural basis of the cognitive process known as motivated reasoning, Westen arrived at results indicating the dominant role of emotions in political decision-making and judgment under the influence of such reasoning. Based on these findings, Westen concludes that the political brain is, in fact, an „emotional brain” and that changes in political attitudes are not driven by new information, but rather by new emotions. This paper investigates how such a conclusion either confirms or redefines Ellul’s thesis—namely, that in the persuasive sequence following the dissemination of political messages, behavioral change precedes, and only potentially leads to, attitude change, which, in the context of successful political persuasion, may or may not occur. In a broader context, the paper uses this case to raise the question of the application of neuroscience in the field of political marketing, with the aim of empirically testing traditional claims in political persuasion theory—claims that are often based, to varying degrees, on speculation. The study also offers guidelines for future research, proposing that the application of neuroscientific methods may provide insight into the sequencing of persuasive processes and the role of emotion and motivated reasoning within that sequence.
DECOLONIZATION OF THE MIND AS A PROCESS OF STATE RESOVEREIGNIZATION
Decolonization in the 1960s became a key aspect of political life, during which the concept itself was theoretically constituted. By the end of the Cold War, the concept expanded beyond the political domain into the realms of culture, education, and art, and in some cases, it became subject of relativization. One form of decolonization as liberation from the shackles of foreign rule is the decolonization of the mind. In this paper, alongside the presentation of key concepts, we will analyze the processes of colonization and decolonization of the mind through the lens of liberating the state ideological apparatus as a method of (re)sovereignization of the modern state. The removal of military and direct political presence of foreign powers from state territories did not mark the end of colonization, but rather its transformation through globalist processes, where the main roles are played by the economy, transnational corporations, and soft power—namely culture and all its forms. In neocolonialism, transnational corporations and the power of comprador elites are central to the colonization of the mind. We will present ways of resisting contemporary challenges that undermine national and cultural sovereignty through the process of decolonizing the mind—not limiting the scope solely to the Global South but extending it, in a universalist manner, to the states of contemporary Europe as well.
CONSTITUTIONAL COURT OF BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA – BETWEEN HYBRIDITY AND POWER SHARING
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="toc 7"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="toc 8"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="toc 9"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Normal Indent"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="footnote text"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="annotation text"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="header"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="footer"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="index heading"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="35" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="caption"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="table of figures"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="envelope address"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="envelope return"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="footnote reference"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="annotation reference"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="line number"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="page number"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="endnote reference"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="endnote text"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="table of authorities"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="macro"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="toa heading"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="List"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="List Bullet"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="List Number"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="List 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="List 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="List 4"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="List 5"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="List Bullet 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="List Bullet 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="List Bullet 4"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="List Bullet 5"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="List Number 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="List Number 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="List Number 4"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="List Number 5"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="10" QFormat="true" Name="Title"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Closing"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Signature"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Default Paragraph Font"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Body Text"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Body Text Indent"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="List Continue"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="List Continue 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="List Continue 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="List Continue 4"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="List Continue 5"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Message Header"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="11" QFormat="true" Name="Subtitle"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Salutation"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Date"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Body Text First 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QFormat="true" Name="Emphasis"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Document Map"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Plain Text"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="E-mail Signature"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="HTML Top of Form"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="HTML Bottom of Form"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Normal (Web)"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="HTML Acronym"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="HTML Address"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="HTML Cite"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="HTML Code"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="HTML Definition"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="HTML Keyboard"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="HTML Preformatted"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="HTML Sample"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="HTML Typewriter"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="HTML Variable"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Normal Table"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="annotation subject"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="No List"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Outline List 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Outline 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SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Table Colorful 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Table Columns 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Table Columns 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Table Columns 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Table Columns 4"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Table Columns 5"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Table Grid 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Table Grid 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Table Grid 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Table Grid 4"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Table 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UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Table List 8"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Table 3D effects 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Table 3D effects 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Table 3D effects 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Table Contemporary"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Table Elegant"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Table Professional"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Table Subtle 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Table Subtle 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Table Web 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Table 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Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Revision"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="34" QFormat="true" Name="List Paragraph"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="29" QFormat="true" Name="Quote"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="30" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Quote"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List 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Name="Colorful Grid Accent 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 4"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 4"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 4"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 4"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 4"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 4"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 4"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 4"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 4"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 4"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 4"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 4"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 4"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 4"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 5"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 5"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 5"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 5"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 5"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 5"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 5"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 5"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 5"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 5"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 5"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 5"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 5"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 5"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" QFormat="true" Name="Subtle Emphasis"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Emphasis"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" QFormat="true" Name="Subtle Reference"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Reference"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Bibliography"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="41" Name="Plain Table 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="42" Name="Plain Table 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="43" Name="Plain Table 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="44" Name="Plain Table 4"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="45" Name="Plain Table 5"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="40" Name="Grid Table Light"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="Grid Table 1 Light"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 1"/> 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Priority="46" Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 5"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 5"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 5"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 5"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 5"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 5"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 5"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 6"/> </w:LatentStyles> </xml><![endif]--><!-- [if gte mso 10]> <![endif]-->The aim of the paper is to analyze the role and function of the Constitutional Court of Bosnia and Herzegovina through the lens of two political concepts that are much more represented in the analysis of political than judicial institutions. It is about the concept of 'hybrid courts' and the concept of 'power sharing courts'. The first concept refers to those courts that enable or require the presence of foreign judges in domestic judicial institutions, in this case the Constitutional Court of Bosnia and Herzegovina. Since its founding, the latter has included three foreign judges in its composition, and over time, the perception of their work and role has changed dramatically, maintaining broader trends that exist in the political sphere of BiH. The paper will analyze this moment of hybridity of the Constitutional Court of BiH and the repercussions that this feature had when making decisions. The second concept refers to a certain consociational element that the Constitutional Court has in its structure, namely, its composition reflects the reciprocity of the constituent peoples as a kind of guarantor that the established Dayton order will not be changed unilaterally or by force without the consent of all three constituent peoples. The phenomenon of power sharing within the Court and the repercussions it brought about in the function of the Court itself will be presented in detail. Only by analyzing these two crucial elements is it possible to fully understand the functioning of the Constitutional Court, the problems it faces during its work, and the discussions it provokes in the political and academic spheres. Precisely through these two elements, it is possible to plausibly show that the Constitutional Court of Bosnia and Herzegovina is between the hammer and the anvil. On the one hand, it is expected to have transformational potential and to modify the Dayton constitutional legal framework, and on the other hand, it serves as a mechanism for maintaining and preserving the latter.
THREE YEARS OF THE CONFLICT IN UKRAINE – STRATEGIC GOALS OF RUSSIAN FEDERATION, USA AND EU
Even though the conflict in Ukraine is officially led between two sides, the Russian Federation (RF) and Ukraine, more countries are indirectly involved in this conflict. The majority of members of NATO (with the USA as the leader) and EU (led by Germany) provide military support to Ukraine, and in so doing they have, in a specific way, practically become actors in this conflict. Military assistance to Ukraine has predominantly consisted of armaments and military equipment, as well as training of Ukrainian soldiers, conducted on the territory of NATO Member States, but also on Ukrainian territory with military instructors hired by the Alliance. For purpose of better understanding of causes and consequences of the conflict in Ukraine it is necessary to consider in more detail the strategic goals of the RF, USA and EU which are directly or indirectly involved in events in Ukraine. In this paper conclusions were drawn predominantly by using the comparative method, in order to draw the parallels between the strategic goals of the RF, USA and EU. The data were collected by qualitative content analysis of statements of the relevant officials and the documents, and the presentation was in most partlaid out in chronological order. The basic hypothesis is the claim that the war between Russia and Ukraine represents the climax of confrontation not only between those two countries, but also of interests of West and the RF. In disciplinary terms, this paper is based on two approaches within the study of international relations - foreign policy analysis and geopolitics.
The paper explores changes in the voting habits of young people and changes in the level of participation and political mobilization in Serbia. As a case study, it takes the period between November 2024 and May 2025, marked by massive student university blockades and the organization of several social protests. The aim of the paper is to identify, through a systematic analysis of available surveys of young people's attitudes conducted between 2018 and 2024, the factors that have led to increased youth participation in political activities. The paper assumes the thesis that the case study of Serbia is an important social moment in which a generational shift of political elites is taking place, from those who promote security as the dominant social value to those who promote the issue of a well-governed society.
POLITICAL IDEOLOGIES: FROM TRUTH TO TYRANNY
Bojan Vranić, Political Ideologies: From Truth to Tyranny, Clio: Faculty of Political Science, Belgrade, 2024, p. 154
Rajko Petrović, Danilo Babić, Crimes of Western Civilization. Belgrade: Catena Mundi, 2024.
THE SOCIAL STATUS OF PERSONS WITH DISABILITIES IN BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA
Duško Trninić: Life Stories from the Social Margins: A Contribution to the Sociology of Disability (Association for Philosophy and Social Thought, Banja Luka, 2024)
RUSSIA'S NUCLEAR DOCTRINE – DETERRENCE FOR THE 21ST CENTURY
The revised Russian nuclear strategy was adopted on November 19, 2024, as a response to the earlier U.S. authorization allowing Ukraine to target deep into Russian territory with medium-range missiles. The prelude to this development was the withdrawal of both the U.S and Russia from strategic arms control agreements. Additionally, following Donald Trump’s victory in the presidental elections, the outgoing U.S. administration futher emphasized support for Ukraine as a foreign policy priority. Seeking continued opposition to the Russian military, Ukraine had, for months during 2024, requested its allies to supply and authorize the use of medium-range missiles for strikes deep into Russian territory, as well as to deliver F-16 fighter jets. The central argument of this paper is that Russia’s revised nuclear doctrine has been adapted to modern wartime conditions and the challenges of the 21st-century international order, serving as a consistent extension of its nuclear deterrence strategy. The new nuclear doctrine, like its predecessor, is based on the nuclear triad. The paper analyzes changes in warfare in the 21st century, emphasizing the widespread use of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), including drones. Furthermore, the goal of the paper is to understand the reasons behind the revision of Russia’s nuclear doctrine, as well as its content and possible implications for international relations.
PARTOCRACY AND CLIENTILISM IN BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA
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Name="Medium Grid 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Revision"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="34" QFormat="true" Name="List Paragraph"/> <w:LsdException 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Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 4"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 4"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 4"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 4"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 4"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 4"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 4"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 5"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 5"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 5"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 5"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 5"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 5"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 5"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Mention"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Smart Hyperlink"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Hashtag"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Unresolved Mention"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Smart Link"/> </w:LatentStyles> </xml><![endif]--><!-- [if gte mso 10]> <![endif]-->Political parties in a large number of countries of the world, from being democratizers, have over time become oligarchically organized groups that subordinate institutions to themselves and the interests of their leaders, devaluing the democracy for which they declaratively advocate. This phenomenon is expressed in transitional states whose civil societies and economies have not reached a development level sufficient to resist the partocratization of institutions and the clientelistic relationship of political subjects and citizens. Such is Bosnia and Herzegovina, which, within the framework of the phenomenon of partocracy, as the subject of research in this paper, we analyze in the form of a case study. The specificity of Bosnia and Herzegovina is that its nationally conditioned party segmentation further strengthens the power of party oligarchies whose leaders also act as national leaders. With the mortgage of war, war profiteering, poorly implemented privatization, the Daytonian constitutionalism destroyed and devastated communities, partocracy and clientelism in Bosnia and Herzegovina have become a systemic phenomenon and an everyday occurrence. They are one of the main factors of its dysfunctionality and underdevelopment, which is reflected in the work of public institutions, the definition of development and social policies.
ТHE LEFT IN MACEDONIA: OBSTACLES AND OPPORTUNITIES FOR REVIVAL
This article explores the underexamined issue of left-wing politics in Macedonia, a region often overlooked in broader academic discussions on political transformation in the former Yugoslavia. It addresses key challenges faced by the Left in the post-socialist era, including ideological fragmentation, neoliberal economic policies imposed by the West, and the rise of ethno-nationalist elements in the Macedonian political landscape since 2001. These factors have significantly weakened the influence of leftist ideology in a country marked by ethnic division and largely under Western influence. The article argues that Macedonia's so-called leftist parties, mainly remnants of the former regime, have increasingly adopted neoliberal policies, distancing themselves from traditional socialist values and eroding their connection to the working class. The rise of Levica (The Left), a political party born from a grassroots social movement, offers a potential avenue for revitalizing democratic participation and political transformation in the country. A central focus of the article is the viability of genuine left-wing ideology and policy within the constraints of Macedonia’s NATO and EU orientation. The article concludes that Levica’s future success will hinge on its ability to balance national identity concerns with broader social and economic goals and effectively challenge the entrenched political establishment.
THE EMERGENCE OF THE CONCEPT OF AIR POWER ACCORDING TO THE TEACHINGS OF GIULIO DOUHET
The revolutionary essence of the emergence of air power during the First World War led to the theoretical formulation of the concept of air power, where Italian general Giulio Douhet retains an exceptional standing. The theoretical concepts, that emerged in this early technological period of aviation development carried a more "prophetic" character of the future use of the combat aircraft, than a footing in practical service and warfare experience. The third dimension of power, reaching from the atmosphere presents a new dynamic and a revolutionary change to warfare erasing the distinction between front and rear. In his works, General Douhet's forms a modern warfare theory and attacks the fundamental postulates of military thinking based on a conflict exclusively split into two dimensions: land or sea. Of distinct importance is his understanding of the significance of the moral factor in war, among soldiers and civilians. According to his learning, the moral factor carries the same or greater significance than the material destruction in war. According to this doctrine, the air force, and especially bomber aviation, has a strategic character and should independently make decisions regarding the outcome of the war itself. General Douhet 's air (geo)strategy was supposed to transform the war, reduce heavy losses, and bring a swift ending to the armed conflict. Nonetheless, it was the Air Force itself responsible for the tremendous devastation of the cities and massive casualties of the civilian population during World War II, Cold War local conflicts, and today's wars. The works of Giulio Douhet had a significant influence on other classical and contemporary air power theorists, but also on the main staffs of the great powers that determined the air doctrines of their armed forces.
PENAL POPULISM - ORIGIN, DEVELOPMENT AND FUTURE
During the last few decades, penal populism has been one of the continuously present criminal political trends globally. Propositions of penal populism could be briefly reduced to stricter punishment for offenders, allegedly in accordance with the attitudes and wishes of the wider public. The problems of penal populism concern its scientific and empirical lack of foundation, i.e. the lack of concrete argumentation when devising inventive solutions, as well as the lack of consultation with the professional public. Therefore, the authors tried to point out the basic assumptions and practical implications of penal populism through the analysis of the literature, with the aim of introducing the concept to the wider public and opening space for debate. By summarizing the experiences of comparative law, with a special focus on Serbia, the authors point out that despite the significant socio-economic differences, the positions of penal populism largely coincide in different parts of the world. Scientific methods of content analysis, normative-logical and comparative legal methods were applied. The authors conclude that penal populism will not just disappear, and that it should therefore be recognized and studied in order to develop future criminal policies in accordance with the dynamics and structure of criminality, but also with adequate consideration of public attitudes and opinions.
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AS A NEW BATTLEFIELD
Henry Kissinger, Eric Schmidt, Daniel Hattenlocker, The Age of Artificial Intelligence and Our Human Future, Club Plus, Belgrade, 2022
BASIC ISSUES AND PROBLEMS OF CLASSICAL LIBERAL FEMINISM
Classical liberal feminism represents the theoretical effort and political demand of feminism first manifested in the second half of the 18th century. In that period, numerous factors (economic, social, political), as well as movements in human thought, created the conditions for women to question the relationship of power and their own position in society (I. Milojević). Those first feminist efforts were related to the basic principles of liberalism (equality, freedom, independence), reformulated and extended to women (K. Lončarević). Given the complete civil, political and cultural disenfranchisement of women, classical liberal feminism focused its demands on the achievement of women's equality with men in terms of these rights. The main argument for this is the equality of men and women in terms of reason. Reason is the power of perfection, it represents the bond of the creation with the Creator from whom they all originate, therefore, everyone must have the same nature. The organization of civil society is criticized, which with its mechanisms (education, upbringing, exclusion from all civil and political affairs, etc.) prevents women from cultivating reason (M. Wollstonecraft). Women and men are born equal, therefore law, customs or prejudice should not create differences between them. Representatives of classical liberal feminism advocate the removal of all customary and legal obstacles that stand in the way of women having an active role in society and equal rights, as well as access to all jobs and rewards available to men. The legal subordination of women in itself is wrong and represents the main obstacle to the development of humanity (J. S. Mill). The habit of submission degrades and deadens people, making them incapable of any kind of resistance (H. Taylor Mill). Questions related to the private sphere of men's and women's existence remain outside the interest of liberal feminists in the 18th century (Olympe de Gouges and Mary Wollstonecraft), while representatives of classical liberalism in the 19th century (Harriet Taylor Mill and John Stuart Mill) extend their considerations to issues of marriage and divorce from different positions. Gender inequality has negative consequences for personal and public virtues, which should be based on reason and develop in freedom.
THE POLITICAL PERSONALITY OF STEPAN BANDERA AND THE RUSSIAN-UKRAINIAN CONFLICT
The beginning of a 'special military operation' of the Russian Federation has significantly changed the current political scene of the world and opened up numerous questions, among others, the future of relations between Ukraine and the Russian Federation and between the Russian and Ukrainian people. The strained Russian-Ukrainian relations have been going on for years, and they culminated in the 'Euromaidan' in 2014, when the pro-Western government came to power for the second time after 2004, gaining support of mass protests in the streets of Kyiv, with this political option being still in power today.. In this paper, we deal, given the aforementioned context, with the controversial political figure of Stepan Bandera and his deeds, as well as his impact on current events in the country, since he has for years now been perceived by both Ukrainians and Russians as a figure-myth of the Ukrainian extreme nationalism.
GENDER MAINSTREAMING IN SERBIA: DOES IT WORK FOR WOMEN?
In recent years, the Republic of Serbia has achieved an evident progress in developing the gender equality legal, policy, and institutional framework. However, the economic, social, and political position of women, particularly of those belonging to vulnerable groups, is still worse than that of men, although women and men are equal by law with respect to rights. The purpose of the article is to contribute to research on the efficiency of gender mainstreaming as a strategy for eliminating the structurally unequal power relations between women and men. The article makes two arguments. First, the evident progress that Serbia made in engendering strategies and legislation has not contributed to a transformative change regarding the subordinated position of women. Second, the gaps between reality and rhetoric are particularly prominent at times of crisis, such as during the COVID-19 pandemic, in which gender issues are not considered important.
DEMOGRAPHIC DEVELOPMENT AND CULTURAL-LINGUISTIC IDENTITY OF THE BUNJEVCI IN SERBIA
The paper presents the demographic dynamics of the Bunjevci in Serbia from 1991 to 2022, an ethnolinguistic research on their language as one of the most important components of national identity, cultural development, specific customs and traditions of this ethnic minority. The history of the Bunjevci people is characterised by the two-century effort of the Hungarian, Croatian, occasionally Serbian and, in the 20th century, Yugoslav national ideologies, to appropriate and modify the Bunjevci ethnic identity in the region of Bačka, but also by the persistent commitment of the members of this minority to preserve and develop their linguistic identity. Disagreements among ethnologists and linguists regarding the question of whether it is a minority language or a separate speech within the Croatian or Serbian languages became especially topical after the disintegration of Yugoslavia, with additional polemics about the standardisation of their ‘ikavica’ and its introduction into the official use in the city of Subotica. And, finally, a special characteristic of the Bunjevci identity are their culture, although never fully developed and exposed, and very specific and recognisable traditional customs, although insufficiently preserved in their original form. When, in 1991, in the Republic of Serbia the Bunjevci first got the opportunity to declare themselves in the population census and be registered as a separate ethnic community and when the National Council of the Bunjevci Ethnic Minority in was established in 2003, as well as other institutions and organisations in the field of culture, politics, and information (and especially with the standardisation of ‘ikavica’ and the introduction of the their language into public use, primarily in education), the Bunjevci finally awaited better socio-political conditions. For preserving their identity. Those members of the Bunjevci who consider themselves an autochthonous people in Bačka, after a century and a half of assimilation and efforts of other peoples to ethnically assimilate them, have accepted Serbia as their country in which they have the opportunity to revitalise and further develop their linguistic and cultural uniqueness and potential.
Review of the book "Why Humans Fight: The Social Dynamics of Close-Range Violence" by Siniša Malešević. Through theoretical analysis and empirical research, the author provides a deeper understanding of the factors shaping human behavior in violent situations. Malesevic's study represents a significant advancement in understanding violence at the micro and meso levels, paving the way for further research and new perspectives in the study of this complex phenomenon.
THE ROLE AND IMPORTANCE OF THE SRNA NEWS AGENCY IN THE MEDIA SPACE OF THE REPUBLIC OF SRPSKA
News agencies function as 'wholesalers' of news, collecting news from various parts of the world, shaping it, and distributing it to their clients, mainly traditional mass media, and/or end users, the audience. Since their beginnings in the 19th century, agencies have been essential 'gatekeepers' defining the 'agenda' of mass media and, thus, practically the entire world. Additionally, news agencies represent a pillar of national identity, similar to the national bank, the army, or the post office; they symbolise statehood. Countries that were liberated in waves of anti-colonial struggles, immediately before or shortly after gaining independence, started their own national news agencies, representing one of the symbols of their independence. The Srna is the first and only news agency in the Republic of Srpska, and one of the leading agencies in Bosnia and Herzegovina, servicing a large number of mass media with its content. Since its inception, the Srna news agency has performed its informative role, maintaining a developed network of correspondents in the country, as well as in all major centers in Europe and around the world. The Srna also keeps pace with modern technological challenges; since its inception, it has offered photo and phono services, and since 2016, it has also provided video services, making it one of the most advanced modern news agencies. It can be said that the Srna has been essentially a witness, but also a participant, in all major socio-political, cultural, and historical events in the Republic of Srpska. However, the agency not only mediates information and news but also, in times of crisis, contributes to a kind of social homogenisation. As part of international communication highways, this agency represents an important agent of international communication. The inclusion of Srna in international communication highways, through which all major news in the world travels, has been an important part of a kind of international and political affirmation of the Republic of Srpska. Therefore, it can be said that the Srna news agency was actually created based on two primary goals: first, to inform domestic media and the public about the most significant local and global events, and secondly, to inform the world about events in Bosnia and Herzegovina and the Republic of Srpska. Finally, the Srna was one of the main drivers of cultural life in the Republic of Srpska in the early nineties of the 20th century. As an important media company, an agent of international communication, and an important initiator of cultural life, among other things, this enterprise was the initiator of the establishment of cultural institutions (Srna film, Srna fest), a sponsor of various cultural events (Monodrama Festival of the Republic of Srpska), and it appeared as a publisher of books by domestic writers.